Haitian Creole Essays - Greater Antilles, Mulatto, Person Of Color

Haitian Creole Christopher Columbus claimed Haiti when he landed there in 1492. Arawak Indians were the original inhabitants of this island when Columbus arrived. Later, the island became a colony of England. Haiti remained virtually unsettled until the mid-17th century, when French colonists, importing African slaves, developed sugar plantations in the north. Under French rule from 1697, Haiti (then called Saint-Domingue) became one of the world's richest sugar and coffee producers. Soon, Haiti became a land of wealth with the vast use of slavery as their method of production. The rising demand for sugar, coffee, cotton, and tobacco created a greater demand for slaves by other slave trading countries. Spain, France, the Dutch, and English were in competition for the cheap labor needed to work their colonial plantation system producing those lucrative goods. The slave trade was so profitable that, by 1672, the Royal African Company chartered by Charles II of England superseded the other traders and became the richest shipper of human slaves to the mainland of the Americas. The slaves were so valuable to the open market - they were eventually called "Black Gold." Plantation owners began to be represented in the colony either by their agents or plantation managers, who kept them, informed of production levels, profits, expenses, and the general operations of the plantation. The arrogance and conceit of these agents, or procurers, was that they were surrounded by a multitude of domestic slaves to satisfy every want or need of their own. The greater number of domestic slaves one may have entails a great amount of prestige for these people in their time of the early 1700's and no though was given to the immoral ways and acts taken by their race because they though it not an issue. Plantation owners and those of the like continued to be heavily involved in social aspects of culture and the French way of life. Commuting from their authoritatively constructed world of pleasure in France with wealth and prestige combined with the occasional visits to the plantation for business. The life of a plantation owner and those that surround him is of luxury and negative profusion. The Haitians are almost wholly black, with a culture that is a unique mixture of African and French influences. Haiti was a French colony until 1791 when, fired by the example of the French Revolution, the black slaves revolted, massacred the French landowners and proclaimed the world's first black republic. As noted, this is the first revolution of slaves against their owners and their success did not go unnoticed. The treatment of slaves around the globe is quite unjust. Because of the colonization of Haiti by France, the importation of African slaves, and the original inhabitants, the Arawak Indians, three languages were spoken on the island. This sparked a need for a common language between the inhabitants of the island. In fact, a large factor in the success of the Haitian Revolution (1804) was the creation of Haitian Creole through African dialects and French. The fact that the majority of the residents spoke their language made their domination even more prevalent. The language was created through the slavery and the need for communication. The people of Haiti were also aware that Creole was spreading to Jamaica as well and their match had been met. 'Invisible' and anxious to be 'seen' by their masters, the privileged few of the black culture and the mass of freed blacks conceived of visibility through the eyes of their masters' already uncertain vision of life. The slaves of Haiti rose up against their French and mulatto masters in August of 1791. This marked the beginning of the end of one of the greatest wealth-producing slave colonies the world had ever known. The early leaders forming the core of this movement were Boukman Dutty, Jeannot Bullet, Jean-Francois, and George Biassou. Later, slaves armies were commanded by General Toussaint who was eventually betrayed by his officers Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe who opposed his policies. The revolt consisted of long days and nights and the energy to continue to fight and defend their cause. It ended in 1804 and the island of Haiti became a free land without slavery. Haitian Creole preserves much of French phonological, morphological, syntactical, and lexical characteristics, but a merger of both French structural features and West African features characterizes the language. The inflectional system of French is greatly reduced. As with the pidgin languages, which result from the need to communicate with the overseers and those who did not share the same language, this was

Free Essays on A Pair Of Tickets

â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† This particular literary work utilizes the theme of Chinese-American life, focusing mainly on a mother-daughter relationship where the mother is an immigrant from China and the daughter is thoroughly Americanized- yellow on the surface and white underneath. The mother tries to convey their rich history and legacy to Jing-Mei, who is almost completely ignorant of their heritage, while the daughter attempts to understand her hopelessly old-fashioned mother, who now seems to harbor a secret wisdom, who in the end, is right about everything all along. Although she is not born and raised in China, as her mother, Jing Mei Woo now has a better understanding of she and her mother’s life. When her mother tells her that she would come of a realization of her Chinese blood, she does not believe it. Living in San Francisco, she had at age fifteen, â€Å"vigorously denied that I had and Chinese whatsoever below my skin†(pg. 168). When her mother speaks of Jing Mei someday understanding where she comes from, Jing Mei as a teenager has vivid imaginations of herself somehow mutating into someone of Chinese orientation. Now she is thirty-six years old. As in real life, maturity occurs from adolescence to adulthood. Jing Mei’s mother has passed away. It isn’t until then that she finally realizes that, â€Å"I have never really known what it really means to be Chinese† (pg. 169). It is at this point that the reader begins to see that Jing Mei is becoming a dynamic character. She has waited a long time to connect with her Chinese heritage. It is only after learning that she has two half-sisters, and of her mother’s wish for them to som eday be united, that Jing-Mei is willing to visit China. Her demeanor transforms from not wanting to know of her Chinese heritage growing up, to possessing a profound interest in the matter as an adult. When they arrive in China, Jing Mei starts to feel that, â€Å"Maybe it is ... Free Essays on A Pair Of Tickets Free Essays on A Pair Of Tickets 1. â€Å"A Pair Of Tickets† 1989 2. Born in Oakland, CA 1952, author Amy Tan wrote her very first novel â€Å"The Joy Luck Club†, which went on to become a critical success and a best seller. 3. During the war in 1944, Suyuan Woo was subjected to great tragedy. With her twin infants she fled on foot from their home in Kweilin as soon as she learned the Japanese were coming to invade and capture. For many torturous days Suyuan carried her babies with the hope of reaching ChungKing where her husband was stationed. Injured, ill, and exhausted Suyuan knew her body would soon give up and die. She did not want to see her babies suffer and slowly die so she forced herself to abandon the girls, not even a year old, on a road with hope of some caring person finding them to give them the life that she felt she could not. She continued walking with death beside her until she fainted. When she woke she was in a truck driven by rescuers headed toward ChungKing. She went to her husband’s station only to learn that he had been killed two weeks earlier. She become delirious and mad. Hospitalized, she met her future husband Canning Woo. They would later movie to the United States a nd bore one daughter, Jing-Mei. Over 40-years had passed since 1944 and Suyuan was still in search of her Chinese twins. Suyuan passed away without ever knowing her twins, but her hope never died. 4. Descriptions of other character’s in â€Å"A Pair Of Tickets† are as follows:  « Auntie Lindo is an old friend of Suyuan. Auntie Lindo, Auntie Ying, Auntie An-Mei, and Suyuan were all members of The Joy Luck Club.  « Chwun Yu and Chwun Hwa are the twin daughters abandoned by their mother Suyuan in 1944.  « Canning Woo is 72-years old and Suyuan’s current husband. Together they have one daughter named Jing-Mei. Canning’s aunt Aiyi nicknamed him â€Å"Little Wild Goose† when he was a boy. In China the nickname serves as a baby milk name, which is used to discourage ghosts... Free Essays on A Pair Of Tickets â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† This particular literary work utilizes the theme of Chinese-American life, focusing mainly on a mother-daughter relationship where the mother is an immigrant from China and the daughter is thoroughly Americanized- yellow on the surface and white underneath. The mother tries to convey their rich history and legacy to Jing-Mei, who is almost completely ignorant of their heritage, while the daughter attempts to understand her hopelessly old-fashioned mother, who now seems to harbor a secret wisdom, who in the end, is right about everything all along. Although she is not born and raised in China, as her mother, Jing Mei Woo now has a better understanding of she and her mother’s life. When her mother tells her that she would come of a realization of her Chinese blood, she does not believe it. Living in San Francisco, she had at age fifteen, â€Å"vigorously denied that I had and Chinese whatsoever below my skin†(pg. 168). When her mother speaks of Jing Mei someday understanding where she comes from, Jing Mei as a teenager has vivid imaginations of herself somehow mutating into someone of Chinese orientation. Now she is thirty-six years old. As in real life, maturity occurs from adolescence to adulthood. Jing Mei’s mother has passed away. It isn’t until then that she finally realizes that, â€Å"I have never really known what it really means to be Chinese† (pg. 169). It is at this point that the reader begins to see that Jing Mei is becoming a dynamic character. She has waited a long time to connect with her Chinese heritage. It is only after learning that she has two half-sisters, and of her mother’s wish for them to so meday be united, that Jing-Mei is willing to visit China. Her demeanor transforms from not wanting to know of her Chinese heritage growing up, to possessing a profound interest in the matter as an adult. When they arrive in China, Jing Mei starts to feel that, â€Å"Maybe it is ...

Human and Animal Interrelationships from Domestication to Present Book Essay

Human and Animal Interrelationships from Domestication to Present Book Report Guidelines - Essay Example Buck has lived with the Millers’ since his birth, a factor that explains why he is very close to the children and grandchildren of the judge. In that family, he received good nutrition and care (London 12). He was a leader in taking care of the Millers’ house. However, in the same house, he met a gardener, Manuel, who eventually gave him up to the people travelling to the north in search of gold. These people needed dogs to pull sleds of their luggage as they travelled. After Buck became the property of a new owner, he received a thorough beating until he lost consciousness. After a long journey, and starving long, they got to Seattle. The torture through beating and hunger had made him overly furious, prompting him to make an inner determination that he would never allow his new masters to tie him with a rope. His new master in Seattle hit Buck with a club, a level of violence he had not experienced in his previous life (14). Apparently, in this chapter, there is a tra nsition of the relationship between Buck and human beings. At the beginning, the dog finds a measure of pleasure in living with people. However, the friendly relationship with humans ceases when he gets into the hands of the men heading north. These people have little concern for the dignity of animals, and they torture and starve the dog. In addition, his new master in Seattle hits Buck with a club to the level of submission. As the relationship changes, Buck’s attitude towards human beings changes because he begins to realize that humans can be his enemies. This change arouses other attributes as he adjusts to the new life. Chapter 2 In chapter two, the author describes the new situations that define Buck’s new life. One of the shocking events that he witnesses was the death of Curly, after an attack by fellow dogs. Buck begins to learn the skill of pulling sled alongside other dogs (17). Contrary to his life before, he realizes the need to eat fast and even to steal more food. He does not seem to understand why the other dogs have the willingness to work wholeheartedly. Contrary to his former home at Judge Miller’s, Buck does not find a comfortable place to spend his night because of the northern snowy conditions. Buck had to readjust to the new conditions in multiple ways. He had to abandon his old lifestyle in a civilized world, and bring out his wild nature. With the changing conditions, the relationship of humans and the dogs has to change. He brought back to memory his instinctive nature previously exhibited by his ancestors. He had started to live in a primitive world where only the strong ones could survive amidst harsh working conditions defined by the whip and the club. The relationship between the dogs and the people only keeps getting worse. To his surprise, Buck also realizes that even dogs were their own enemies as it became evident in the case of Curly. Chapter 3 Chapter three of the book concentrates on describing the riv alry existing between Buck and Spitz. Apparently, Spitz is the leader of the pack of several dogs pulling sled in northern snow and throughout the entire journey (22). The rivalry between Spitz and Buck advances as Buck uses his wit by ganging up with the weaker dogs in a bid to demonstrate

Population based nursing care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Population based nursing care - Essay Example These endeavors are not aimed at a selected group of people or are characteristic of individualized care; rather it is aimed to make the health status of the entire identified populations better (Maurer & Smith, 2005). A point to be noted is that the term based here does not refer to any place or a setting. On the contrary, it means that on which care is going to be provided (Maurer & Smith, 2005). The main purpose of public-based care is to provide the community healthcare in conditions that are deemed as healthy by the people. Moreover it constitutes organized endeavors aimed for the population as a whole. Generally community is regarded as a group of people with some element common to them. Community derives from the Latin munus, meaning gift, and cum, meaning together (â€Å"Community†, 2010). Therefore it community is a group of people with some shared interests. More specifically, it is defined as a group of people who live together, have the same government ruling them and common cultural and historical heritage (Hart, 1998). Description of a community usually entails a peaceful, egalitarian social form, sharing their values and life and engaged in a social interaction (â€Å"Community†, 2010). In order to provide care to the community, one needs to use the available resources and the assets of the population on the defined community and to evaluate the capability of that community to meet the required health targets (â€Å"Population-Based†, 2003). In order to provide population-based care, one needs to identify and take into account the health determinants that can impact the delivery of healthcare. Such determinants can be social, environmental and behavioral. The provision of population-based care also necessitates the identification of issues that are pertinent to the delivery of healthcare in the population and can subsequently affect the health outcomes. Nurses and healthcare

Art market and How does it influence the production of contemporary Essay

Art market and How does it influence the production of contemporary art - Essay Example The essay "Art market and How does it influence the production of contemporary art" discusses what influence has art market on the production of contemporary art. Art therefore has always had something to do with financial compensation, as Colin Painter has pointed out. Serious art’s criticality is....both economic and ideological. What sustains its specific character and social value is its political economy. The serious art world is at core an argument about value. It is an argument about aesthetic, moral, social and political or whatever value but it is also, and indissolubly, an argument about financial value. The art market then, deals with the buying and selling of art and has its set of players just as in any area of commerce. Tyler Cowen aptly interprets art in its economic aspects. Art markets consist of artists, consumers, and middlemen, or distributors. Artists work to achieve self-fulfillment, fame, and niches. The complex motivations behind artistic creation inclu de love of the beautiful, love of money, love of fame, personal arrogance, and inner compulsions. ..Consumers and patrons stand as the artist’s silent partners..... consumer and patron demands for artworks finance the market....Distributors bring together producer and consumer......The resultant meeting of supply and demand fuels the creative drive and disseminates its results. ...Creators respond to both internal and external forces. Internal forces include the artist’s love of creating, demands for money and fame.

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For New Airport Project Construction Essay

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For New Airport Project Construction Essay This Airport link project between The Government of Perak and the Sungai Siput City council is identified as one of the number of strategic major transport elements of the motorway-standard road network of Sungai Siput and is part of the strategy to improve the efficiency of Sungai Siput road network. The purpose of this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report is to investigate, assess the principal environmental concern associated, and for conducting the work of the environmental impact assessment for the proposed Cucumber Island International Airport. This report will identifies the major environmental issues which are considered in relationship to the significant effects of the development during construction and operations work. The scope of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study covers both of the construction phase and the operational stage of the Cucumber Island international Airport, investigating and analyzing The effect because of aircraft noise to the near institution and residential areas. Increase traffic congestion in the airport approaches. Increase risk from aircraft accidents in populated areas along the flight path Ambient air and water quality Hydrogeology Impact on flora and fauna Social perception and Emergency preparedness The Project Sponsor commissioned A. Pascual environmental Services and Consultant Perak, Inc to prepare the Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIS) Report after considered all properly made and other submission about the EIS and supplementary Report and other advice from agencies, including the department of Department of Main Roads, Directorate General of Air Communication, Department of Health, The environmental Protection Agency and Sungai Siput City Transport. Description of the Project The Project consists of the design, financing, operation and construction of a new international airport passenger terminal official called Cucumber Island International Airport. Located in the middle of Perak and between the Kuala Kangsar and Ipoh. So it was the very suitable place to build the new airport. The proposed new terminal will replace the existing Ipoh International Airport. The problem with the Ipoh International airport is it only can maximum capacity of 5,000,000 passengers per year had already been exceed by 1990. The Perak Government has decided that Cucumber Island International Airport will be located on approximately 70 hectare (ha) within Taiping Airbase, which is under the territorial jurisdiction of Sungai Siput. The Cucumber Island International Airport will replace the Ipoh International Airport, which will be closed upon commercial of Cucumber International Airport and it will designed to handle a maximum of 10,000,000 passengers of Sungai Siput. The proposed schedule for implementation of Cucumber Island International Airport is as follow: Activity Time table Start of Construction January 2011 Completion of Construction December 2013 Start of testing and Commissioning January 2014 Completion of Testing and Commissioning March 2014 Start of Commercial Operation May 2014 Description of the Environment Physical Resources Sungai Siput City is situated on coastal plain with only a slight of up to 2 percent. It is generally affected by tectonic earthquakes generated by the Casiguran Fault East Luzon Trench. These tremors are normally felt with an intensity ranging from 4 to 7 on the Rossi-Forrel scale, with most being 4. The noise during the day time in the vicinity of the site presently average approximately 64 decibels (dB[A]), and the nighttime average level is 53 dB(A). The Perak standard of noise level in residential areas are 55 dB(A) for daytime, and 43 dB(A) for nighttime. Because of this place is near with many mountains around 10 Km so the temperature ranges around 25 °C in January and February to around 35 °C in April and May. In the vicinity, the groundwater table ranges from 1.0 to 7.5 meters from the ground surface. The main river is Perak river. Sampling conducted in September 2010 revealed that the surface water quality is below Malaysia standard. Ecological Resources There are no fishpond, nor is there active fishing in the vicinity of the project site. The near fishing came around 25km which so far from the airport. The only conspicuous form of wildlife are birds (mostly sparrow) but there are no forest near the project site so there are no endangered species flora and fauna. In 2000, the place be the recreation because the have the very large lack with the crystal clear water as 15km from the airport area. So the airport will be the one of the treasure thing and can interact other people to go there. 3) Human and Economics development In the 2007, the total of population, 300000 were males and 129850 were females, but the population of Sungai Siput City Perak was registered at 458850 of whom 29000 were relocated from squatter area, so resulting in a net population of 429850. The average population density was more than 22000 persons per square kilometer. There were only 50000 household, with an average of five persons each, smaller than the regional average of ten. As 2007 only 85 percent was employed, with the fairly high population enrolment at an average of 87 percent. The dominant economics activity in Sungai Siput City mostly involved in services activity. The water supply of Sungai Siput City come from the Lembaga Air Berhad. So, around 90 percent population have water supply. Electric power is supplied by the Tenaga National Berhad. In terms of land use, the Cucumber Island International Airport will be located at the largest area in Sungai Siput City. The detail of temporary arrangements will become the responsibility of the contractor during the construction planning, so other plan will create to avoid the spoil in transport, noise, dust, and traffic problem. Quality of Life a) Housing Perak Government will need to build 20000 housing units. In addition to 7000 double-up families that need separate need housing so they need dwelling. In addition, there are some 29000 families indentified who need relocation or whose present dwelling units are dire need to upgrading. b) Education In Sungai Siput area, has 15 public elementary school, plus 22 private school 5 public secondary school. There also have one Matriculation College, two private college and one public university. There are also four private vocational school. So for the future, after this project are build, there is no problem and no worries for the new families who want to live around the Airport because this plan have a very quality of education. c) Skill and Per Capita Income Most of the resident in Sungai Siput City and the village near the city were employed in the Government (45), 20 percent being self employed, 12 percent in the private business sector and 22 housekeeping, and the rest is un employment. The income ranging for the household from RM2000 to RM4000 and only 5 percent had an average monthly income of less than RM500. d) Public Health Sungai Siput City has 5 hospital including 2 government hospital, Sungai Siput General Hospital, and the Lintang General Hospital. Because of the Cucumber Island International Airport allocated in the middle of Ipoh City and Kuala Kangsar City, so they have a lot hospital added from both city. With 8 government health centered staffed by 10 physicians, 50 nurse, 20 dentist, and 30 midwives. The five leading causes of morbidity in Sungai Siput City are diseases of the heart, traumatic injuries, tuberculosis, neoplasm, and senility. The birth rate in Sungai Siput City is recorded at 3.5 per 10000 population, while the death rate is 5.1 per 1000 population. f) Archeological or history Treasures There are no known archeological or history treasure within the project site. . Anticipated Environment Impact and Mitigation Measures This proposed project will include such as foundation treatment, roads and facilities building, container yard, as well as lighting, facilities for water supply and other as a major construction element. Some negative externalities for example pollution also have been created during the construction period such as engineering waste water, dust, mechanical noise, and construction waste. Other Environmental impacts are anticipated during both the construction stage and the operational stage for this new airport and some of the pollution prevention and other requirements that can increase this negative externalities by the both of stage to a minimum. a) Construction Stage Perak river are not expected to adversely affect during the construction work such as soil excavation, building construction, and ground preparation. The projects estimated the water requirement of 1000 cubic meters (m ³) but it will nor affect the supply water to the resident of Sungai Siput City and the near City. Two new pumping will be operating and it will adding 1500 million liters per day of water supply. The air quality within the vicinity is already above the Malaysia standard. Although the soil excavation, ground preparation, and concreting activities will increase the air quality level but a comprehensive system of to be used and it will mitigate the impact. According to this project, construction activity will generate the employment opportunities and other sources of income for the resident of Sungai Siput City will be generated. Since no combustible material will be used, and no fires will be ignited so it will hardly be any fire hazard. Solid waste from the construction and generated by some 700 workers will be disposed of daily by Sungai Siput City garbage trucks. Monitoring during construction stage will be responsibility of Directorate General of Air Communication. (DGAC) on site. The project administration assisted by the supervisory and inspection force of the consultant for supervision. The result of the environmental monitoring process will be prepared by the supervision consultant to ensure the construction contractor carries out the necessary control and mitigation and will be contained in monthly and it will be sent to DGAC central office in Kuala Lumpur and to the central Bank for review. b) Operational Stage The increase in air quality standard within the vicinity will be generated during the operation. The terminal building will be fully air-condition and filtration system will be regularly checked and cleaned the dust. According to monitoring data concerning water quality at locations site both off and on around the airport will be obtained also a monthly, the DGAC also will carry out the environmental monitoring work during the operational phase of the project. The aircraft movements will be increased the noise level. Surface construction work also may generate excessive levels of noise, vibration, or dust would be restricted to the hours of the 7:00 am to 7:00 pm Monday to Saturday, with no work on Sundays or Public Holidays. Special circumstances where above ground surface works may be conducted outside these hours might include works on arterial roads, works in rail corridors, and works involving large prefabricated components. However, flights are normally schedule during day time. So to minimize noise description to settlement relatively dear to Cucumber Island International Airport, not more than two flights will move and must be before 10 pm. Thus, no breach of acceptable airport noise standard will take place. Further, the flight path of aircraft will not be over population areas. Although when a road-header is used, vibration, noise, and dust level are likely to be low and imperceptible in building above the tunnel but this will only occur during the day and be for short period. The noise also will be report monthly. This some example are to be taken to reduce the impact of this project, they use the advanced equipment and technologies of low noise which is can reduce the noise, the percussion piling machine be prohibited and the working time schedule also will be arranged rationally. Cucumber Island International Airport will have its own sewerage treatment plant, which before discharging them into the Perak River, they will properly treat effluents first in accordance with Malaysia standard. An agreement will be develop by DGAC by which any changes in land use in the restricted zones of the land use plan adopted to control the area around this new airport must ne submitted to airport operator for review and concurrence to prior approval. This new airport project will created 100000 jobs, so the commercial operation may cause a mild migration o potential job seekers to Sungai Siput City. This project also can be a substantial additional revenues to both the local government of Sungai Siput City and national government. Over a 15 period, it is estimated hat the project will add some RM 25 million to the tax collection of Sungai Siput City and RM 300 million to the national government. The risk of air craft accidents will be minimized through continuing improvements in surveillance facilities and employment of highly trained personnel and it can reduced if one considers that aircraft flight patterns are largely over low density settlements E. Alternatives On physical environment site, there is no effect either positive or negative if the Cucumber Island International Airport. But it also will no adverse impact would suffered by the adjoining city institution. However , this would result in congestion of passenger and eventual loss revenues to the National and local government, The Sungai Siput City and the national government will lost as RM 325 million of revenues from tax in 15 years if the new airport was build. This City also will lost the good way to create a new job and at the same time can reduce unemployment at that area. If Cucumber Island International Airport were not to be set up at the propose site, the permanent structures such as the elementary school, the community center, the church, at their present site, but the school communities (relevant Parents and Citizens Association, student, parent and Education Sungai Siput) have identified a number of physical improvements to the existing school to mitigate perceived impacts especially at the Kuala Kangsar State High School, Malay College Kuala Kangsar, Angel Maria Convent in Sungai Siput. Suggested measures proposed by submitters include air conditioning, improved sport facilities and set down areas and other facilities. The Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA) which owns the site proposed project, definitely plan want to develop the area into o commercial center. Hence, the problem such as air pollution and noise levels, will increase due to vehicular emissions, increase in domestic air flights and heavy traffic flow even without the this International Airport project. F. Cost Benefit Analysis In conducting the cost-benefit analysis of the proposed Cucumber Island International Airport, the Financial prepared by NSR Financial Consultant was used. For the cost item, the estimated total project cost of RM500 millions was used. The total project cost includes the total cost of facilities, the mosque, and community center, estimated as RM6 million, cost of provision of a car park building RM20 million, road access improvement, and other cost such as cost of the Fire Prevention Plan, sewerage and drainage system, estimate at RM2 million. In terms of the benefit, the internal rate return and the net present value are calculated as 25 percent and RM505.5 million, respectively. The direct negative sociological impacts of Cucumber Island International Airport will relate primarily to Temins Village. There will be a significant displacement of or change in neighborhood composition Third street, Trosor street and cool water avenue. The residents will also facilities such as: Sungai Siput City South High School Cucumber Elementary School Community College of Sungai Siput Village Health Center and the gymnasium At-Taawuniah mosque There will be some direct costs related to the relocation of effected residences and facilities. This facilities will also be temporarily subjected to nuisances associated with major construction, including dust, traffic problem, increase in noise level and other similar effects. On the permanent basis site, the noise and traffic from terminal activities will cause some disturbances, However, the project will result in several beneficial impacts on both a temporary and a permanent basis. Construction will require approximately 700 laborers of varying trade and sill levels. The foreign exchange reserves of the country will be improve because of the foreign exchange inflow of RM300 million. There will also have some positive impact on welfare and unemployment. About 65 percent of the labor would require no specific skills or training. It is estimated that the facility will spend about RM25 million per year on direct purchase. Based on this amount each year, the total direct and indirect contribution of the facility to the Malaysia economy will be about RM11 million per year, and that RM25 millions will help the production and sales many local industries. Due to this project at least RM 37million will be generated from tourism and all revenue will act as long-term source of revenue. Cucumber Island International Airport will accommodated an average of 7000 arriving and departing international passengers per day. G. Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Program During the whole Project Cycle, when construction stage and operational stage, regular monitoring will be undertaken to assess the effectiveness of the mitigating measures being implemented to minimize the adverse impact of the project activities. The parameters also will be undertaken regularly and continuously in order to monitoring of noise, air and water quality. This Cucumber Island International Airport will result in negative impact from construction activity over approximately four years. However, it is clear type, intensity and scale of the impacts are reasonably typical of inner city construction sites, and are of a nature that the construction industry is adept at managing . Monitoring will also cover i) Performance of the facility after construction, ii) verification of proper effluent at the facility iii) yearly physical testing of the project area iv) traffic management v) proper solid waste disposal. H. Public Involvement A social perception survey was conducted by a joint group of social scientist from the University Putra Malaysia and Malaysia Engineering college for this project. The survey was undertaken among the resident of the city and village around the proposed area. Base on the interview with the Chairperson of BCDA on August 2010, the following information was confirmed: To avoid exposure from the resident to any air transport-related accidents. It is necessary to relocate the school, mosque, and existing community center from their present site to an area farther away from the project. The PAF Command has agreed to relocation the some families presently occupying the apartment building. The new relocation will have high-rise condominiums that will be offered for sale at concessional rates. The Department of Education, Culture and Sport (DECS) also agreed to the suggestion to transfer of the affected schools to the proposed relocation site. The representatives of the mosque also agreed to the transfer of the mosque to the proposed relocation site. I. Conclusion and recommendation As this Cucumber Island International Airport will be located within the Ipoh City and Kuula Kangsar the Royal city, so its project place is feasible. The option to control all the measures proposed and the pollution from this project are reliable and shown the contractor and the management team very responsibility for all the negative effect during the construction and operation stage. and Implementation of the Cucumber Island International Airport will provide the facility that could adequate accommodate 10,000,000 passengers annually for the country and is expected to increase the tourism potential of the country especially Perak is one of the good travel place in Malaysia. So this new Airport can make the tourist easier to came straight from their country. New job also will increase from the proposed Project estimate to be 1700 (direct labor 700, indirect labor 1000) and 11000 person during operation which is can decrease unemployment. The Malaysia Government is guaranteed to earn a total of RM 15 million from the operation of the Cucumber Island International Airport Project. But the Project will pay back trough the annual income tax of approximately RM 25 million, while income tax to be paid by roughly 18000 employment opportunities with the total around RM 12 million annually. Initially, incremental foreign exchange is RM300 million loan. During commercial operation of this proposed project will added foreign exchange inflows will come from 7,000,000 arriving passengers, the estimate revenue is 700 million if the average expenditure is RM1000 per arriving passenger. The proposed Cucumber Island International Airport will definitely be to public advantage. The major benefit will be socioeconomic and financial economic. Although, the primary long-range effects on the physical environment include the relocation of several houses on Third street, Trosor street and cool water avenue due to road widening, and several institutions such as Sungai Siput City South High School, Cucumber Elementary School, Community College of Sungai Siput, Village Center and Gymnasium, and At-Taawunniah mosque but all relocation are already discussed with the residents. Finally, the resident of Lintangs village where the ones that very near with the proposed Project will be subjected to permanent increase in noise level that generating from the container bridges and container bridges and trailers, forklift and etc. However, in terms of level time of occurrence, and distribution will not a cause a major impact and will disappear upon the project is complete but they will m easure as a regular maintenance. The construction of the proposed Project will assure optimum use of a section of unused land owned by BCDA and the will result just in a few limited temporary environmental adverse effect. The first three years of operation and to cover the construction phase, a simple monitoring program is needed. This will be prepared during the design phase of the project by the engineering and adopted by DGAC. It will then be implementing during project construction by the administration assisted by the engineering consultant and the staff operating the airport during airport operation. The monitoring program will be supervised by the Directorate of Engineering of DGAC.

Dsm-Iv Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa DSM-IV Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa A) Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. Weight loss leading to maintenance of body weight less than 85% of that expected; or failure to make weight gain during period of growth leading to body weight less than 85% of that expected. B) Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though under -weight. C) Disturbance in the way one’s body weight or shape is experienced undue influence of body weight on self -evaluation or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. DSM-IV) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual contains 3 eating disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Although Anorexia Nervosa (AN) will be the focus of this report it is worth noting the 3 disorders are very similar and in fact Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified is the name given to the disorder when only 1 criterion for AN is missing f or example if a patients weight loss is still in the normal range despite significant weight loss or if a patient still menstruates.Bulimia Nervosa is when the patient excessively over-eats and purges but does not experience significant weight loss. (Franco 2012) Main Symptoms The main symptom is extreme thinness that has no medical cause and usually a pre-occupation with food. AN seems like a physical illness when in fact it is a psychological one. Heart-rhythm disturbances digestive abnormalities bone density loss anemia and hormonal and electrolyte imbalances are the most common physical symptoms and in severe cases organ failure can lead to death.The patient will very rarely present to the Doctor for treatment alone due to denial of having a problem being an intrinsic part of the illness. Young patients will often be taken to the Doctor by a concerned parent with the usual symptoms being a sudden withdrawal from family or friends and a lack of interest in formerly enjoyed activi ties as well as significant weight loss. (Phillips 2010)Bulimia and AN go hand in hand with many overlapping symptoms such as disordered thinking. Up to 50% of patients with AN develop bulimia and a smaller percentage of patients who are initially bulimic develop AN. † (Franco) AN sufferers have an extremely distorted perception of themselves. Where others may see a once beautiful girl wasting away the patient may perceive that she is succeeding at looking after herself and has enormous self -control that others lack. (Watters 2010) Men or boys who have AN tend to have other psychological problems while women and girls are more likely to be perfectionist and displeased with their bodies. Dryden-Edwards 2012) Bio-Psycho-Social Factors AN is the most obvious physically but attempting to treat just the biological symptoms will have little long term effect. Studies suggest social factors are what cause AN and indeed AN is little known in non-industrialised countries that do not su bscribe to a Hollywood ideal of beauty which is easy to see is unattainable by the average person due to the unrealness of it. Not even the celebrities look like their on-screen personas in real life thanks to photo shopping and professional make-up artists.It’s good to see Australian teen magazines are helping their target audience develop a healthy body image by having something called â€Å"a reality check alert†. If the magazine is sent a celeb picture that has already been re-touched they will print a little disclaimer next to it reminding their readers it’s not natural. A healthy body image is the first step to preventing AN and Bulimia. Edward Shorter a medical historian working today believes that illnesses like AN â€Å"are a culturally agreed-upon expression of internal distress’.Richard Gordon writes in Eating Disorders-Anatomy of a Social Epidemic â€Å"Individuals with pre-existing mood or anxiety disorders or a whole host of under-lying ps ychopathologies or developmental vulnerabilities histories of sexual abuse or familial concerns with weight control may be pre-disposed to adopting such culturally sanctioned behaviours as modes of managing unbearable levels of distress. † (Watters 2010) This means that social factors are probably the most important aspect of why this particular illness developed but the propensity to develop a culturally specific disorder came from psychological issues.This does not make the illness any less real or deserving of medical care just that practitioners need to develop a care plan based on a holistic approach and recognise that the starvation is secondary to psychological issues. The quotes are not meant to downplay the role body image has in the illness but there may be more at stake than poor body image that the sufferer has poorly defined feelings of inadequacy that find a culturally recognised home in AN. AN has the highest incidence of suicide than any other mental illness an d sufferers are 32 more times likely than average to commit suicide. Butterfly Foundation) Past Treatment Anorexia-type symptoms began presenting to doctors in adolescent girls during the 1850’s at the height of the Hysteria epidemic. At first it was a strange manifestation of the well -known women’s illness (well known at the time-it has disappeared from the medical canon today) but by 1860 it was becoming common for young women to starve themselves. In 1873 the model for AN that we would recognise today became well known but with the name Hysterical Anorexia.Treatment was usually hospitalisation with Doctors reporting being perplexed that their patients did not seem to want to get well. Treatments in the 1970’s tended to conform to the medical model with enforced hospitalisation and force feeding. (Watters 2010) Today’s Treatment Today individual and family counselling is just as important as nutrition education. Many sufferers display perfectionist ten dancies so Cognitive Behavioral Therapy seems to be the most effective treatment in helping sufferers understand their irrational thought patterns.The average patient suffers from AN for 7 years and while 5% of the population may have AN at any time the illness has a 15%-20% mortality rate (Butterfly Foundation) which makes it the highest mortality rate of any mental illness so early detection and treatment is essential for a positive prognosis. Significant Behaviours One of the hardest behaviours for family and friends of sufferers to understand or come to terms with is the patients preoccupation with food but refusal to eat it.The sufferer shows signs of being compulsive when it comes to food working out how many calories each portion of food contains and devising a diet and slavishly sticking to it and punishing themselves if they eat too much for example an unplanned piece of birthday cake. AN sufferers are often addicted to exercise and will exercise up to 6 hours a day. AN suf feres necessarily have to lie to family and friends about their behaviour and this can create another level of strain on the patient as they are often high achievers and â€Å"good girls† and in fact sufferers redominately come from the middle and upper socio-economic classes and more often than not have high levels of academic success. (Dryden-Edwards 2012) Personal Qualities and Professional Skills As a case worker one needs to be prepared to work with family and friends of your client in a way that you may feel conflicts with confidentiality issues. The important thing is keeping your client alive while helping her find a psychiatrist or psychologist who can help her get to the bottom of the underlying issues.A lot of patience will be required on a personal level and if you feel the impulse to grab your client and shake her and cry â€Å"why won’t you eat dammit† perhaps a little research won’t go astray. The otherside to that is not to become too emot ionally involved. Hopefully her family and friends are a strong support but otherwise find out about support groups for your client but beware the â€Å"pro-ana† groups’ that are trying to turn an illness that claims many beautiful young people and turn it into a lifestyle choice. 1225 words References and Bibliography â€Å"Mum Please Help† Phillips Karen Webster Irina MD.Clearview Books 2010. â€Å"Crazy like us- The Globalization of the American Psyche† Watters Ethan. Free Press 2010 â€Å"Case Studies in Abnormal Psychology† Oltmanns Thomas F. Neale John M. Davison Gerald C. John Wiley & Sons 2003 â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa† Dryden Edwards Roxanne MD http:www. medicinet. com Retrieved 10/11/2012 â€Å"Eating Disorders† Franco Kathleen N. http: www. clevelandclinicmeded. com Retrieved 10/11/2012 â€Å"DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa† Taken from DSM-IV http: www. medicalcriteria. com Created 3/7/2005 Retrieved 10/ 11/2012 www. butterfly foundation. com Site dedicated to education about Anorexia

Focus Group Guide Essay

Lenora Lubega Introduction Hello, my name is Lenora Lubega and I would like to welcome all of you to our focus discussion group. I will be the moderator. Our purpose for meeting today is to discuss ‘hands-free’ cellular telephone use while driving in the State of Tennessee, and to get your feedback on how you feel about the driving while using a cellular device. This focus group’s intent is to openly and discuss the question: â€Å"Should the State of Tennessee require ‘hands-free’ cellular phone use in automobiles? Everyone here this evening is an automobile driver living in the State of Tennessee. This will be a short discussion that will require an hour and thirty minutes of your time to complete. Our time will be very limited; and we will not take a break. The restrooms are conveniently located at either end of the hall. I would like to remind you that this session is highly confidential. Once this session ends, no one’s name will be used in any way outside of this group. Everyone signed consent forms to participate in tonight’s discussion. If there is anyone here that has not signed a consent form, please do so before we began tonight’s discussion or you will not be allowed to participate in this discussion group. For transcription purposes of the discussion there will be an audio recording. I will listen to the recording and prepare my final summary of our focus group accordingly. This will be an informal discussion group. You are encouraged to ask any questions or make any comments that you feel are pertinent to our discussion. Please speak freely, and if anything is unclear, please ask. The intent of this focus group is to ask, listen, and observe. As stated in the consent, please keep everyone’s identities and response confidential once you leave the group. We want to encourage oneness and honesty for everyone involved. We will begin this discussion by finding out a little bit more about each another. If I could have everyone give their name or a nickname, your occupation, and the type of cell phone that you own. I will go first and we will proceed to my right. Data Collection Warm-up Discussion: If you could take out a piece of paper and write a short paragraph on an experience you have had in dealing with drivers who are distracted by the use of a cell phone. Next I will like to ask if you, yourself us a hands free device with your cell phone? Have you used any of the newer apps that allow you to talk and text? Is it burdensome or easy to do? Does your car have a synchronizing device? How often do you us it? Secondary Research: An estimated 3,092 traffic fatalities in 2010 were blamed on distracted drivers, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. More than one in six drivers send text messages while driving, and nearly half of drivers less than 25 years old are doing it, according to a NHTSA survey released last week. â€Å"This is becoming the new DUI,† said Robert Sumwalt, a member of the safety board. â€Å"It’s becoming an epidemic. † The District of Columbia and 35 states ban text messaging for all drivers, according to the Governors Highway Safety Association. They should be made to us a hands free device or something of the like Tasha Fider: I would create a standardized audio output jack, not unlike the one available for iPods and iPhones today (which is actually a data jack), and mandate that all mobile phone manufacturers have it on each new phone that is created. Moreover, I would mandate that all future automobiles have a docking system that is adaptable to any kind of phone whatsoever. I would even mandate that current cars still on the line right now be fitted for such a docking system. I know it would be a hassle, and would put a few more dollars on everyone’s monthly car note, but I am considering the safety of our future. Anything that saves lives is worth the effort as well as the money invested into creating the technology. Renee Partida: my opinion is simple, there is no need to be using your cell phone whether text or calling or face booking while driving. I think people should us a hands-free devices they were made for that reason. I’ve seen too many people hurt while driving using their cell phones. I was in the car with a girl that dropped her’s and while driving tried to pick it up. Ruth Ellen Galgano: Once I was driving down 65 north bound and saw this lady on her phone. She was clam but as soon as the kids started fighting she became very distracted with driving. There are so many things that can and will distract driving we don’t need to have one more and cells phones are adding another problem to the long list that already exist. I would love to see the law changed on this issue. Jessica McClanahan I use to live in NY, all use of cell phones while driving is against the law including calling and text. I just honestly want to be allowed to slap idiots that know it’s against the law yet do so and I see them make several driving mistakes that only underage drivers should make like cutting someone off and not making a complete stop at stop signs. They should get their licenses revoked and cell phones stomped on! Tabitha Jerome: (She did not show up. We waited for ? hour but she never came) Specific Discussion Richard Johnson 1. How do you currently view driving while talking on the cell phone without a hands-free device? Yes, I was planning to by one but have not gotten around to it. 2. Does talking on a phone while driving seem safe, or can it lead to low driving performance? Not all the time. Why? When I am dialing the number I often find that I am not in my lane and have come very close to having an accident from time to time. Why not? 3. Of the different things involved with making or receiving a call, which task contributes most to bad driving? Making the call. You must look at the phone to dial the number and that causes your attention to be taken off the road. 4. Is it searching for the phone? Not for me, I often have my phone in the middle of the car. What about dialing? Yes, that is my biggest issue. Talking? No, I use speaker phone. Is it hanging up? No I simply let the other person hang up and my phone will hang up automattly. Or receiving the call? Sometime. 5. How do you feel the state of Tennessee should respond? Laws must be made and enforced. The issue is most driving laws are never enforced here. 6. Should the state mandate hands-free devices for driving? Why do you feel the way you do? Yes, but the phone companies need to do something to help with the cost to the customer. 7. Do you think a hands-free device would make a difference in road safety? Not really. How so? Most people will not use it if it is user friendly. Tasha Fider 1. How do you currently view driving while talking on the cell phone without a hands-free device? Dangerous 2. Does talking on a phone while driving seem safe, or can it lead to low driving performance? No *she did not give any more info, she did not seem to want to be here* 3. Of the different things involved with making or receiving a call, which task contributes most to bad driving? Both 4. Is it searching for the phone? Yes What about dialing? Yes, I think so. Talking? Yes, for sure. Is it hanging up? Yes it can be. Or receiving the call? No 5. How do you feel the state of Tennessee should respond? It is hard to say, I don’t agree with making laws to do so. We are force to do everything. I think we should be able to drive safe. 6. Should the state mandate hands-free devices for driving? Why do you feel the way you do? No they should not. I don’t like the government telling me what I can or cannot do. 7. Do you think a hands-free device would make a difference in road safety? How so? Yes, it could help but only if it is used. Renee Partida 1. How do you currently view driving while talking on the cell phone without a hands-free device? I view it as a health hazard 2. Does talking on a phone while driving seem safe, or can it lead to low driving performance? It is not safe. It can and has killed people and I think a person doing it should be charged with murder. It is not safe. Why? It kills. Why not? 3. Of the different things involved with making or receiving a call, which task contributes most to bad driving? Making the call, although, answering the phone can be just as dangerous. 4. Is it searching for the phone? Yes What about dialing? Yes Talking? Yes Is it hanging up? Yes Or receiving the call? Yes, all these things contribute to unsafe driving. 5. How do you feel the state of Tennessee should respond? Laws need to be enforced. 6. Should the state mandate hands-free devices for driving? Why do you feel the way you do? Yes they should. I hate to see people killed by stupid things people do that are so very avoidable. 7. Do you think a hands-free device would make a difference in road safety? How so? I do. If people use them the danger would be lessened. Ruth Ellen Galgano 1. How do you currently view driving while talking on the cell phone without a hands-free device? I find that if a person is responsible they can do it without any issues. The problem comes in when you have people who are not responsible. Most of the time, I find that people will do one of two things, ignore the call or take it. If they take it, they will cause an accident. 2. Does talking on a phone while driving seem safe, or can it lead to low driving performance? Why? Why not? It seems safe as long as the person is paying attention to the road and not the call. A lot of what we do on the phone is for fun, it is only when the call is serious that it can be a problem. Their attention is turned to the call and not the road. 3. Of the different things involved with making or receiving a call, which task contributes most to bad driving? I would have to say, making the call. 4. Is it searching for the phone? Not really What about dialing? Yes, that is the big problem. You cannot watch the road and dial a number at the same time. Talking? Not really. Is it hanging up? I don’t think so. Or receiving the call? It can really be hard to take a call while driving. Sometime the phone can fall on the floor of the car and you try to pick it up. 5. How do you feel the state of Tennessee should respond? I think we should allow people to do what’s right and not make any new laws at this time. Although the statistic show more people die from using the phone I think it would be safe if we just use caution. 6. Should the state mandate hands-free devices for driving? No Why do you feel the way you do? I just don’t like it when I am told, by law, what to do. 7. Do you think a hands-free device would make a difference in road safety? It might if the person uses. How so? If the person never uses it what would be the point? Jessica McClanahan 1. How do you currently view driving while talking on the cell phone without a hands-free device? It is a dangerous practice, to say the least. I know different states are different, but I think TN says it is not legal to do it without a hands-free device. 2. Does talking on a phone while driving seem safe, or can it lead to low driving performance? Why? Why not? It does not seem safe, and it can lead to low driving performance, since full attention is not given to all the hands and foot motion of driving (not to mention attention to the surroundings) 3. Of the different things involved with making or receiving a call, which task contributes most to bad driving? I think making a call contributes most to bad driving 4. Is it searching for the phone? What about dialing? Talking? Is it hanging up? Or receiving the call? Dialing 5. How do you feel the state of Tennessee should respond? The state should mandate mobile phone manufacturers to make a safety modification to all new phones 6. Should the state mandate hands-free devices for driving? Why do you feel the way you do? Yes. It should also impose stiff penalties for those who do not comply. The state is responsible for the safety of its citizens. 7. Do you think a hands-free device would make a difference in road safety? How so? Yes I do. It would save lives. Tabitha Jerome (She did not show up. We waited for ? hour but she never came) 1. How do you currently view driving while talking on the cell phone without a hands-free device? 2. Does talking on a phone while driving seem safe, or can it lead to low driving performance? Why? Why not? 3. Of the different things involved with making or receiving a call, which task contributes most to bad driving? 4. Is it searching for the phone? What about dialing? Talking? Is it hanging up? Or receiving the call? 5. How do you feel the state of Tennessee should respond? 6. Should the state mandate hands-free devices for driving? Why do you feel the way you do? 7. Do you think a hands-free device would make a difference in road safety? How so? Summary We are at the end of our discussion. Today we have shared our personal views in detail on this topic. With all our newly acquired information, together with our personal feelings, let us imagine the president of AAA entering this room. Let us each give 30 seconds of advice his company should consider regarding support of a law requiring hands-free devices for cell phones while driving in the state of Tennessee. If in favor of the law, state what elements of law you think should be included in the law and which should not. If opposed to the law, do likewise, and give personal reasons why. Now is your chance to make a big difference in something you believe in. Please write this brief statement to AAA. Include what you think of legislation and the specific elements of law that should be involved. If against it, please speak out. List reasons either way. This legislation could make all the difference for you or your family, so please answer honestly. Summary of Metting Our focus group was held at the La Vergne, TN public library. The date was Sunday, March 4, 2012 at 4 p. m. Most of the participants arrived on time, but one did not come at all. Another one arrived extremely late, and with an irritable attitude. Refreshments were served. Everyone seemed okay with the idea of being there, and light, friendly chit chatter occurred. The meeting was called to order, and everyone eagerly participated. Ideas flowed freely. There were opinions the entire spectrum. Some were in agreement with the state of Tennessee coming up with moderate laws governing cellular phone usage while driving. Others were diabolically opposed to the idea. One person became feisty and almost bellicose in her expression of her view. She said she had a ‘real problem’ with the government trying to ‘run her life’. We all understood what she meant. When we were able to calm her down, the discussion continued without incident. Each person felt that something was needed but no one really could agree on what that â€Å"something† should be. It seems that much more discussion is needed on the topic. I would recommend that the state fund more groups meetings and have a smaller group to find a solution to the matter. It is my recommendation that we all meet again in a month to see if any opinions have changed. The meeting was closed, and everyone politely bid each other adieu, and we went home.

Hillary Clinton Quotes on Politics, Women, Life

Hillary Clinton Quotes on Politics, Women, Life Attorney Hillary Rodham Clinton was born in Chicago and educated at Vassar College and Yale Law School. She served in 1974 as counsel on the staff of the House Judiciary Committee which was considering impeachment of then-President Richard Nixon for his behavior during the Watergate scandal. She married William Jefferson Clinton. She used her name Hillary Rodham through Clintons first term as governor of Arkansas, then changed it to Hillary Rodham Clinton when he ran for reelection. She was First Lady during Bill Clintons presidency (1993-2001). Hillary Clinton managed the failed effort to seriously reform health care, she was the target of investigators and rumors for her involvement in the Whitewater scandal, and she defended and stood by her husband when he was accused and impeached during the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Near the end of her husbands term as President, Hillary Clinton was elected to the Senate from New York, taking office in 2001 and winning reelection in 2006. She unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008, and when her strongest primary opponent, Barack Obama, won the general election, Hillary Clinton was appointed Secretary of State in 2009, serving until 2013. In 2015, she announced her candidacy once again for the Democratic presidential nomination, which she won in 2016. She lost in the November election, winning the popular vote by 3 million but losing the Electoral College vote. Select Hillary Rodham Clinton Quotations There cannot be true democracy unless womens voices are heard. There cannot be true democracy unless women are given the opportunity to take responsibility for their own lives. There cannot be true democracy unless all citizens are able to participate fully in the lives of their country. We all owe so much to those who came before and tonight belongs to all of you.  [July 11, 1997]  Tonights victory is not about one person. It belongs to generations of women and men who struggled and sacrificed and made this moment possible.  [June 7, 2016]People can judge me for what Ive done. And I think when somebodys out in the public eye, thats what they do. So Im fully comfortable with who I am, what I stand for, and what Ive always stood for.I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was to fulfill my profession which I entered before my husband was in public life.If I want to knock a story off the front page, I just change my hairstyle. The challenges of change are always hard. It is important that we begin to unpack those challenges that confront this nation and realize that we each have a role that requires us to change and become more responsible for shaping our own future.The challenge now is to practice politics as the art of making what appears to be impossible, possible.If I want to knock a story off the front page, I just change my hairstyle.The failure was principally political and policy driven, there were many interests that werent at all happy about losing their financial stake in a way that the system currently operates, but I think I became a lightning rod for some of that criticism. [about her role, as First Lady, in attempting to win reforms in health care coverage]In the Bible, it says they asked Jesus how many times you should forgive, and he said 70 times 7. Well, I want you all to know that Im keeping a chart.I have gone from a Barry Goldwater Republican to a New Democrat, but I think my underlyi ng values have remained pretty constant; individual responsibility and community. I do not see those as being mutually inconsistent. Im not some Tammy Wynette standing by my man.I have met thousands and thousands of pro-choice men and women. I have never met anyone who is pro-abortion. Being pro-choice is not being pro-abortion. Being pro-choice is trusting the individual to make the right decision for herself and her family, and not entrusting that decision to anyone wearing the authority of government in any regard.You cannot have maternal health without reproductive health. And reproductive health includes contraception and family planning and access to legal, safe abortion.When does life start? When does it end? Who makes these decisions?... Every day, in hospitals and homes and hospices... people are struggling with those profound issues.Eleanor Roosevelt understood that every one of us every day has choices to make about the kind of person we are and what we wish to become. You can decide to be someone who brings people together, or you can fall prey to those who wish to divide us. You can be someone who edu cates yourself, or you can believe that being negative is clever and being cynical is fashionable. You have a choice. When I am talking about It Takes a Village, Im obviously not talking just about or even primarily about geographical villages any longer, but about the network of relationships and values that do connect us and binds us together.No government can love a child, and no policy can substitute for a familys care. But at the same time, government can either support or undermine families as they cope with moral, social and economic stresses of caring for children.If a country doesnt recognize minority rights and human rights, including womens rights, you will not have the kind of stability and prosperity that is possible.Im sick and tired of people who say that if you debate and disagree with this administration, somehow youre not patriotic. We need to stand up and say were Americans, and we have the right to debate and disagree with any administration.We are Americans, We have the right to participate and debate any administration.Our lives are a mixture of different roles. Most of us are doing the best we can to find whatever the right balance is . . . For me, that balance is family, work, and service. I wasnt born a first lady or a senator. I wasnt born a Democrat. I wasnt born a lawyer or an advocate for womens rights and human rights. I wasnt born a wife or a mother.I will fight against the division politics of revenge and retribution. If you put me to work for you, I will work to lift people up, not put them down.I am particularly horrified by the use of propaganda and the manipulation of the truth and the revision of history.Would you tell your parents something for me? Ask them, if they have a gun in their house, please lock it or take it out of their house. Will you do that as good citizens? [to a group of schoolchildren]I think it does once again urge us to think hard about what we can do to make sure that we keep guns out of the hands of children and criminals and mentally unbalanced people. I hope we will come together as a nation and do whatever it takes to keep guns away from people who have no business with them.We need to be as well prepared to defend ourselves agains t public health dangers as we should be to defend ourselves against any foreign danger. Dignity does not come from avenging insults, especially from violence that can never be justified. It comes from taking responsibility and advancing our common humanity.God bless the America we are trying to create.I have to confess that its crossed my mind that you could not be a Republican and a Christian.Women are the largest untapped reservoir of talent in the world.In too many instances, the march to globalization has also meant the marginalization of women and girls. And that must change.Voting is the most precious right of every citizen, and we have a moral obligation to ensure the integrity of our voting process. From Hillary Clintons Nomination Acceptance Speech at the 2016 Democratic National Convention If fighting for affordable child care and paid family leave is playing the woman card, then deal me in!Our country’s motto is e Pluribus Unum: out of many, we are one.  Will we stay true to that motto?So don’t let anyone tell you that our country is weak.  We’re not.  Don’t let anyone tell you we don’t have what it takes.  We do.  And most of all, don’t believe anyone who says: â€Å"I alone can fix it.†None of us can raise a family, build a business, heal a community or lift a country totally alone.  America needs every one of us to lend our energy, our talents, our ambition to making our nation better and stronger.Standing here as my mother’s daughter, and my daughter’s mother, I’m so happy this day has come.  Happy for grandmothers and little girls and everyone in between.  Happy for boys and men, too – because when any barrier falls in America, for anyone, it clears the way for everyone. When there are no ceilings, the sky’s the limit.  So let’s keep going until every one of the 161 million women and girls across America has the opportunity she deserves.  Because even more important than the history we make tonight is the history we will write together in the years ahead. But none of us can be satisfied with the status quo. Not by a long shot.My primary mission as President will be to create more opportunity and more good jobs with rising wages right here in the United States, from my first day in office to my last!I believe America thrives when the middle class thrives.I believe that our economy isn’t working the way it should because our democracy isn’t working the way it should.It’s wrong to take tax breaks with one hand and give out pink slips with the other.I believe in science. I believe that climate change is real and that we can save our planet while creating millions of good-paying clean energy jobs.He spoke for 70-odd minutes – and I do mean odd.In America, if you can dream it, you should be able to build it.Ask yourself: Does Donald Trump have the temperament to be Commander-in-Chief?  Donald Trump can’t even handle the rough-and-tumble of a presidential campaign.  He loses his cool at the slightest pr ovocation. When he’s gotten a tough question from a reporter. When he’s challenged in a debate. When he sees a protestor at a rally.  Imagine him in the Oval Office facing a real crisis. A man you can bait with a tweet is not a man we can trust with nuclear weapons. I can’t put it any better than Jackie Kennedy did after the Cuban Missile Crisis. She said that what worried President Kennedy during that very dangerous time was that a war might be started – not by big men with self-control and restraint, but by little men – the ones moved by fear and pride.Strength relies on smarts, judgment, cool resolve, and the precise and strategic application of power.I’m not here to repeal the 2nd Amendment.  I’m not here to take away your guns.  I just don’t want you to be shot by someone who shouldn’t have a gun in the first place.So let’s put ourselves in the shoes of young black and Latino men and women who face the effects of systemic racism, and are made to feel like their lives are disposable.  Let’s put ourselves in the shoes of police officers, kissing their kids and spouses goodbye every day and heading off to do a dangerous and necessary job.  We will reform our criminal justic e system from end-to-end, and rebuild trust between law enforcement and the communities they serve. Every generation of Americans has come together to make our country freer, fairer, and stronger.  None of us can do it alone.  I know that at a time when so much seems to be pulling us apart, it can be hard to imagine how we’ll ever pull together again.  But I’m here to tell you tonight – progress is possible.

The Concept of Demoralisation

The Concept of Demoralisation Free Online Research Papers ‘Demoralisation’ is a concept which encompasses the perceived declining morality of individuals in modern western society. Western society’s obsession with the economy, profits and efficiency had supposedly lead to the extinction of morals. I shall consider different viewpoints and contemporary examples to determine the extent to which this viewpoint holds truth. Firstly, I shall look at Weber’s formal rationality and Ritzier’s ideas of dehumanization, referring to Bauman’s example of the Holocaust as evidence of severe demoralisation. I shall then examine Bauman’s writings on Postmodern Ethics and how society acts to constrain our morals. Durkheim’s Anomic Suicide provides a deeper understanding of the extent of society’s regulation and then I shall consider Mestrovic’s account of the deregulation of the economy. Finally, I shall reflect on Ralph Fevre’s more contemporary description of the misapplication of rationality and how this acts to demoralise individuals. In order to grasp the extent of the infiltration of declining ethics into our society, I shall consider the presumed cause of this situation. Rationalisation and the rise of capitalism are the core changes which have shaped individuals morals and behaviour in the modern western world. Max Weber is the key advocator of this position in his formulation of his ideas on the rationalisation process and bureaucracy. Bureaucracy refers to a method of organisation where all action is specifically regulated by rules formulated by officials. These rules attempt to shape society in a way which eliminates chaos, free-thinking and choice in order to achieve a rational and efficient society. Weber developed the idea of ‘formal rationality’, a key component of bureaucratic organisation, which refers to the rationalised principles individuals rely on in decision-making. Institutionalised rules curb the actions of individuals to aid them to a specific end, eliminating any reference to values or morals. Weber stated that formal rationality sees the ‘discharge of business according to calculable rules and without regard for persons’ Ritizer highlighted one of the key dimensions of rationalisation as the control it exerts over people. Human judgment is replaced by rules, regulations and structuresThis dehumanising aspect of bureaucracy links to Weber’s concern about the irrationality of rationality which Ritzier discusses in his analysis of McDonaldisation. Ritzier turns to Ronald Takaki to demonstrate how rationalised settings can act as places in which the ‘self was placed in confinement, its emotions controlled, and its spirit subdued’ (Takaki cited in Ritzier 2004:25). Here, Ritzier is showing how despite the effectiveness of bureaucracy, the rationalised processes can act to dehumanise and alienate individuals. Bureaucratic procedure therefore acts to demoralise individuals and places people into, what Weber calls, the Iron Cage of rationality. By this, he is referring to the extent to which bureaucracy and rationalisation dominates mankind; rather than viewing this as a step towards freedom, Weber maintains that civilization is becoming increasingly enclosed in an â€Å"iron cage†- and this acts to enclose and reduce our moral freedom. Whilst Weber’s views on the deterioration of morals in our society can be appreciated, it is nevertheless necessary to examine some present values compared to those of the past. All Western societies operating under capitalist principles provide some degree of welfare benefit with the generally accepted moral stance of care and concern for the disadvantaged. However, in the pre-capitalist societies of the 18th Century and beyond, the basic rights of health care and education for all were not considered essential. If morality can be defined as the concern with right or wrong behaviour, then there is a need to question Weber’s implication that moral attitudes pre-capitalism were intrinsically superior. The principle example of Weber’s fears of rationalisation infiltrating into civilian life was highlighted by Zygmunt Bauman, who showed how the events of the Holocaust demonstrated precisely the demoralisation invading our society. Bauman was concerned with the apparent dismissal of the Holocaust as a one-off event, a momentary lapse of morals from one prejudice group. His belief was that the distinct lack of moral instincts were due to a malfunction of society; viewing the causes of the actions as due to the rationalisation of bureaucracy. Bauman proposed to ‘treat the Holocaust as a rare, yet significant and reliable, test of the hidden possibilities of modern society’. The precise bureaucratic procedure carried out by the Nazis in the mass-murder of innocent individuals, demonstrated the extent to which modern civilization was, according to Bauman, the Holocausts necessary condition (Bauman 1989:13). The rationality described in detail in Weber’s writings focused on specific elements in society which can be directly seen in the processes of the Holocaust; the rational spirit, efficiency and the regulation of values. Bauman even believed, after re-reading Weber’s analysis of modern society in light of the Holocaust, that the event could have even been predicted by Weber himself! The concept of demoralisation was important to Bauman as he posed the question of how normal individuals can be transformed into the perpetrators of mass crime. For him, the bureaucratic organisation of the Holocaust resulted in the social production of moral indifference and the concealment of morality in actions. Moral indifference occurred as the perpetrators were under complete authority by a movement they were devoted to. The procedures which were undertaken were regulated and ordered into a routine, dispensing with moral obligations. The victims of the Holocaust were also dehumanized through the use of ideology, by demeaning the victims to a non-human state; the full implication of the perpetrators actions would not be acknowledged. Demoralisation was also achieved through the ‘mediation of action’, where the casual connections between the actions of the perpetrators and the mass murder itself was concealed. Bauman demonstrated how the methods of killing increased the distance between the acts themselves and their consequences. Though the use of gas chambers, one individual was not responsible for another’s death in the way shooting an individual would harm morale. Instead, the jobs of building the chambers themselves, parading the victims into the rooms and emptying the chemicals into the roof were divided between many individuals; and therefore so was the responsibility. Bauman successfully demonstrates the way in which bureaucratic procedure is mirrored within the procedures undertaken by the Nazi’s, however rationalisation in society may not be the sole cause of this event in history. The suspension of moral outrage by the people who participated in the Holocaust was possibly created though fear of the repercussions of opposition. There are examples of equivalent atrocities throughout modern history and there is scant evidence to suggest that bureaucracy was the root cause of their creation. The regimes of Hitler, Stalin, Idi Amin, Chairman Mao and Magabe are linked by their dictatorships, subsequent misuse of power and the imposition of a climate of fear which was necessary to subjugate their people. No modern western society is presently ruled under a dictatorship, it relies on a collaboration of opinions and the co-operation of society. The expression of opinions does not result in punishment as there is a toleration of free expression; and this toleration could be considered as an aspect of morality. Bauman focuses specifically on ‘demoralisation’ in his writings on Postmodern Ethics (1993) where he considers the link between post-modernity and morals. Demonstrating distress for the postmodern ‘substitution of aesthetics for ethics’ he exposes how the ‘right way’ is no longer a simple path to take, postmodernity has developed numerous divides of being ‘economically sensible’, ‘aesthetically pleasing’ and ‘morally proper’ Bauman draws on Weber’s writings of the Protestant Ethic and how their compulsive emphasis on morality seeped into all aspects of life. Now, the moral guidance of the church is almost extinct and so modern legislators are attempting to ‘compose and impose†¦ a cohesive code of moral rules which people could be taught and forced to obey’ This demonstrates the imposition of rationality on morals, no longer is morality a personal righteous decision, as free will is viewed with such caution by those in control that enforcement of what is right is essential; ‘untoward, potentially heinous impulses needed to be held in check’ . Weber’s formal rationality appears to be enforced even in our inner most decisions. In Bauman’s opinion, rationality cannot take precedence over moral impulses, it merely can ‘silence it and paralyze’ and would therefore lead to less good being done than would otherwise have been the case. Bauman maintains that morals are precisely non-rational, the morality of a choice is lost if the choice involves a calculation of gains and losses. He advocates that only rules are universal; therefore morals should be ‘thoroughly personal’, detached from any form of rationality as true morals should rest on personal responsibility. Bauman draws on Durkheim’s view of ‘anomie’, explaining that one can only be moral when alone and not subjected to the influence of society, as this is when ‘moral impulse makes an exit’ Bauman is therefore stating that ‘morality is the condition of perpetual and irreparable anomie’ In order to gain a deeper insight into Durkheim’s formulation of ‘anomie’ and its link to the concept of ‘demoralisation’, I shall consider his writings on Anomic Suicide. Durkheim formulated the idea of the state of anomy in his considerations of the influence of both economic crises and ‘fortunate crises’ on suicide rates. Massive setbacks in the economy can be linked with high suicide rates, and this would presumably lead to the assumption that if circumstances were to improve then the rates of voluntary deaths should decrease. Durkheim provided evidence to show that this was, however, not the case. He examined the situation in Rome in 1870, where a spurt of economic growth lead to an increased standard of living for the whole of society. Despite this prosperity, suicide rates soared, shattering the presumed link between poverty and suicide rates. Durkheim perceived these high suicide rates to be linked to ‘disturbances of collective order’ and formulated his concept of anomy. Man has, according to Durkheim, material and selfish desires which provide humans with an ‘inextinguishable thirst [which] is constantly renewed torture’ In order to ever be satisfied or content, these passions require limitation and Durkheim believes that it is society which takes on this ‘moderating role’. Society provides individuals with a set of ideas concerning their upper limit of achievement and this will usually be an accessible goal, thus leading to contentment and happiness within individual circumstances. Anomy occurs when society is ‘momentarily incapable of exercising this influence’ and the individual is thrown into a deregulated state which has no limits to bind them. Both economic disasters and increases in wealth can act to upset the scale, and force individuals into a state of anomy. The severe consequence of this state, for Durkheim, is the incident of voluntary death. Bauman was suggesting that it is only in this state where true morals exist as this is when society loses its dominance over individuals. True free-will and independent thinking from the constraints of society, provides individuals with the ability of pure moral thought. However, Durkheim’s formulated relation between anomy and high suicide rates demonstrates the extent to which modern society constrains us. If the release from influence is so huge that it forces individuals to take such extreme action as death, then it would appear that some restraint is beneficial and thus would be instinctively sought by civilized society. Stjepan G. Mestrovic in his book The Coming Fin de Siecle (1992) applies Durkheim’s anomie to the deregulation of the economy, and demonstrates demoralisation with particular focus on the economy and its infiltration into all spheres of social life. Both modernity and post-modernity have resulted in a reconstruction of society which is in accordance with purely economic interests. Durkheim was concerned with how this exposes society to extreme risks of anomie, as economic crises can therefore impact on all in society in one way or another. â€Å"Precisely because the economic functions today concern the greatest number of citizens†¦It follows that as that world is only feebly ruled by morality, the greatest part of their existence takes place outside the moral sphere† Mestrovic focused on how the news in the 1980s directly portrayed Durkheim’s observations that the economic anomie is a major cause of the public’s lack of moral standards, as it showed reports of a clear decline in business ethics. Durkheim had anticipated the postmodernist ‘success at any cost’ ethic due to society’s obsession with improving the economy and this was unfortunately demonstrated in a number of cases. The Stock Market crash of 1987 had severe effects of demoralisation. Lack of confidence joined with periods of unemployment, welfare dependency and a sense of panic resulted in a demoralised work force meaning that regaining credibility and public trust proved difficult. ‘The economic sphere of life’ previously came second to religious or political life, however now it is such a vast aspect of society it dominates all of social life and acts to alter the actions of individuals. Modern social institutions are now, according to Mestrovic, run as if they were businesses. A key example of this are modern churches, in previous eras churches were simple and sustained from donations and charitable contributions whereas now, Mestrovic exposes how they invest in stocks and hire secretaries to increase credibility and in some cases, profit. The fear is that the domination of the economy within all social institutions can lead to the influence of economic anomie throughout society. Durkheim highlighted that due to this social change, the infiltration of immorality will be more invasive and total. Mestrovic was particularly concerned with demoralisation as he highlighted the three most ‘pressing and controversial modern social problems’ as the lack of business ethics, the selfishness of the ‘me generation’ and the rise of hyper-individualism. The lack of morals which is associated with the cut-throat business world is now seeping into all of social life as the economy becomes increasingly dominant and powerful. To illustrate the way in which Durkheim’s economic anomie is infiltrating throughout modern society, Mestrovic drew on the events following the Stock Market crash of 1987. Firstly, bankruptcies were reported to be extremely high both before and after the Stock Market crash and it is evident that Durkheim stated that bankruptcies can be an indicator of anomie. And secondly, Durkheim stated that ‘When the price of the most necessary foods rise excessively, suicides generally do the same’ and just after the Stock Market crash there were surges in prices for wheat and corn, demonstrating the presence of anomie. Mestrovic concerned himself with the reasons why such mounting evidence of demoralisation have been ignored; he demonstrated that it was not only Durkheim who highlighted the infiltration of immorality from the economic sphere, major influential writings such as the critiques by Simmel in his Philosophy of Money and Marx’s analysis of capitalism demonstrate similar postulations. Mestrovic believed that such links have been ignored for ideological reasons. Post-modernity prevents the study of an idea which demonstrates the ‘instability of human desire-anomie’. The realization of such a concept in a post modern society could disrupt the bureaucratic system and the rationale on which it is based. However, is the business world as cut-throat as Mestrovic is implying? Modern day businesses are now centered on policies which enforce environmental responsibility, fairness towards employees and the provision of responsible services to customers. Ethics within the business world appear to be foremost on agendas, as implementing morale within a work force is vital to ensure the well-being of employees. Although the underlying element is still increasing efficiency and profit, employees are cared and provided for by benefits and services. A key objective for companies is to raise the morale of employees to inadvertently increase business status and profits. The question which arises here is whether morale has in fact taken the place of morality? (A point made by David Riesman in the 1950s). Ralph Fevre, in his book The Demoralisation of Western culture, is particularly concerned with what has taken the place of our ‘hollowed-out’ morality. Drawing on Riesman’s idea of the replacement of morale with morality, Fevre demonstrates how Riesman believed demoralisation had occurred as individuals relentlessly followed the crowd for guidance on values and discovering the ‘right way’ of doing things. Riesman perceived how individuals no longer exercise autonomy in decision-making. In relation to business, the replacement of morality with morale would be beneficial to a rational business system. Autonomy in choices could potentially lead to chaos and irrationally, which bureaucracy is compelled to avoid at all costs. By subjecting employees to a specified morale, limiting choices and moral consideration, order and efficiency can be achieved. Ralph Fevre provides an up-to-date consideration of the issues surrounding demoralisation, directly contemplating its influence on Western society. In his opinion, common sense is the form of reasoning which has led to our demoralisation and has taken the place of morality. Common sense is the ‘general level of knowledge which may be derived from a variety of sources’ but, Fevre, in addition to this, explains that common sense also has a ‘sense-making function’ which appeals to our confused state in relation to our limited access to morality. Emotions and religious feelings previously guided our actions, meaning that decisions were made from a basis of moral integrity. Now, common sense appears to be a more â€Å"reasonable† guide for our actions; ‘it is now established as the standard by which we believe we are required to explain ourselves. Emotions have become vacant because they are no longer considered to be a reliable basis for reasoning. Common sense, on the other hand, is in conjunction with our rational society as it relies on hard evidence, through senses and experience, to explain things. Common sense therefore demotes emotions to ‘useless sentiment which can simply be expressed but never acted upon’. In society’s adoption of common sense as our sole form of reasoning and in the disregard of emotions, morality ceases to exist in numerous aspects of our lives. Fevre therefore places the blame of demoralisation on our reliance on common sense in reasoning. Fevre holds that an individual’s application of rationality and reason is occurring in the wrong place and as a result demoralisation occurs . Through our experience of society, rationality does prove successful in business and in achieving certain aims. The richest people of the world are particularly aware of this, as it may be the rational processes and scrupulous efficiency that gained them their riches and status. It is not a coincidence therefore that a common conception of rich people is their unhappiness as a result of their ‘losing touch with fundamentals’. The perceived effectiveness of rationality seeps into all aspects of life, demoralizing all where it is applied- particularly in relation to personal relationships. Fevre demonstrates his argument by use of an example of a widespread dilemma concerning childcare; whether to continue working and pay for childcare, or to abandon work and stay at home to look after the children. If the dilemma is considered with reference to a cost-benefit calculation and treated as a purely economic decision, as opposed to being considered with the moral reference it deserves, then the application of rationality is inappropriate and morality is lost. Fevre accepts the difficultly of such a situation and that ‘whatever we decide, we are left with feelings of doubt and unease’ but he is demonstrating what demoralisation feels like as ‘in our hearts we know we have put our children into an instrumental calculation and weighed their worth’ Our most intimate, personal and moral decisions are now, in modern western society, being considered with the structure and processes used in the business world- as this is all we know. We strive for efficiency and rationality to such an extent that we no longer know how to apply morality and emotions to day to day decisions. Demoralisation is a negative consequence of the way our economy and our society has been built, but there are key positive consequences of our development. Efficiency and rationality has provided us with a strong and reliable structure which has enabled us to gain from a high standard of living. Profit provides us with money which is required for survival; giving us access to basic needs such as food, shelter and health provisions- therefore is profit really such a dishonorable term? From a negative viewpoint, profit motivation has lead to the exploitation of labour in developing countries as the western world seeks to cut expenses and gain access to cheap commodities and services- we utilize their poverty for our own interests. This is an example of severe demoralisation, as despite this fact of which we are all aware, we relentlessly continue to buy into such services for a more â€Å"reasonable† price to increase our own means. Profit is consistently sought after, however much we wish to prevent any exploitation; our economy has meant that exploitation has become inevitable. This demoralizes modern western society as a whole. In conclusion, demoralisation is a concept evident in many areas of society. Weber and Durkheim predicted the suspension of morality in a bureaucratic society and contemporary examples have demonstrated the truth of their insights- The key issue is whether it is a necessary evil, the unavoidable product of the way in which modern western society has been developed. The question posed to our society is whether morality can return. 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