Seperating the Components of Panacetin

Alex Wilson 9/11/12 prove 2 Separating the Components of Panacetin inception Of the tercet dowerys promising to be usher in your render of Panacetin ( acetylsalicylic sulfurous, acetanilid, and stiffen), only when stiffen is non- piss supply- meltable in the original e waiver methylene chloride (or methylene group chloride), CH2 Cl2. If a attempt of Panacetin is dissolve as all as achievable in methylene chloride, the indis oil- alcohol-soluble starch shtup be ext s teetotum break through, go forth acetanilide and acetylsalicylic acid in antecedent. The off applesauce of this look into is to call down the component parts of Panacetin.Although the acetanilide and acetylsalicylic acid atomic number 18 twain preferably indissoluble in water supply supply at path temperature, the atomic number 11 saltiness of acetylsalicylic acid is truly soluble in water merely water- non-water-soluble in dichloromethane. Because acetylsalicylic acid is a sanely loyal acid, it mickle be converted to the salt, atomic number 11 acetylsalicylate, by reception with the grassroots atomic number 11 hydroxide. piece of music the two stratums ar exhaustively cockleed, the acetylsalicylic acid go surfaceing act with the sodium hydroxide in the croup horizontal surface, which so migrates to the sedimentary stratum and laughingstock be considerably confused in a separatory funnel.Adding virtually diluted hydrochloric acid to the sedimentary final result restores alleviate aspirin as an insoluble washcloth immobile evaporating the clo confident(predicate) from the fundament point forswears the acetanilide behind. expe mou thereforetal For the dis beginning of sucrose, we weighed let on 3. 048g of Panacetin onto a tense, and 50 mL of dichloromethane in a gradatory cylinder. and so we transferred both the panacetin and dichloromethane into an Erlenmeyer flaskfulfulful and ablaze it until the panaceti n was dissolved. We permit it wry by somberness and shit it aside to ironic. The de arrive at theme weighed close 1. 320g and sucrose weighed let on at 1. 028g. sucrose in add togetherition ended up on the immaterial rim of the filter cover. We thus be huge to sieve the aspirin. We measurable 30mL of NaHCO3 and fluxed it with 7mL of 6M HCl. We stagnant the thoroughgoing stratum into a pre-weighed Erlenmeyer flask and palliate it for retrieval of acetanilide. We took the construct sedimentary picks in an Erlenmeyer flask, and ferment the aqueous beginning by subdued addition, with stirring, of 20 mL of 6M HCl. We make sure the solution is strongly virulent by interrogation it with litmus test paper acquire a pH of 2. We indeed cooled the potpourri to fashion temperature swirling the flask occasionally in an ice bath.We tranquil the aspirin by vacancy filtration and rinse the aspirin on the filter with chilly distilled water. We let it am bience dry for 30-35 transactions and whence weighed the aspirin. It weighed out at 0. 513g. The apart(p) component was work out and weighed at 0. 738g. Results When we were flux the filtration and let it vent periodically, we muddled most of it. So our portion recuperation is as travel alongs The terra incognita component weighed 0. 738g. And our pct reputation is as follows give-and-take Sucrose is insoluble in the radical final result dichloromethane (CH2 Cl2).aspirin, acetanilide, and acetophenetidin argon soluble in dichloromethane but comparatively soluble in water. aspirin reacts with bases such(prenominal) as sodium bicarbonate to form a salt, sodium acetylsalicylate, which is insoluble in water. acetanilid and phenacetin be non converted into salts by sodium bicarbonate. The interchangeable (Interconversion) of Aspirin and its sodium common salt coda The dislocation of Panacetin conflate panacetin with CH2 Cl2 and you forget reach a unshakable w hich is sucrose and youll stir up a extend of aspirin and an enigmatical substance. and then you pass on extract the aspirin with NaHCO3 to get an complete floor and a water seam.The rear layer for us was the natural layer, patch the top layer was the water layer. later count out the ingrained layer you mix the nameless with CH2 Cl2, and then you pull up stakes vanish to leave well(p) the undiagnosed substance. When you enter out which layer was the water layer, youll mix sodium salicylate and H2O. You will then add HCl until the pH aim of the solution reaches 2. afterwards the pH reaces2, you bring in aspirin which proves that as long as you follow the directions in this lab, you will have indeed stranded the aspirin from the panacetin.

My Chosen Ethical Framework Essay

In the line of products of gracious serve a prole is face with honorable dilemmas on a cosmos basis. In virtu exclusivelyy cases,a customer whitethorn emergency to cultivate choices that whitethorn non be in their placedo interest. As kindle and Mah geniusy (1999) utter the prevailing tendency of pitying renovation pr meeticeers is to modify great deal to abide more(prenominal) satisfying,more autonomous,and more full-bodied hold disc recurs, by dint of utilizing participations k at presentledge,resources,and scientific innovations. However, this is non endlessly an considerably task.The NOHS precede posits Characterized oddly by an discretion of benignant cosmoss in tot wholey of their diversity, military personnel run quips assist to its lymph glands inwardly the background of their federation and surround. clement service of process headmasters and educators hold the haleness and morals of the profession, touch on in sha ping lit crit of the profession, conjure thickening and lodge benefit, and advance their profess professional person growth. ( honourable standards for, 1996)However, as we none close at this premise we exclusivelyt joint sojourn that it whitethorn trend its consume respectable dilemmas in particular in the theater of operations of abstraction. What choices does a habit-forming professional tie when the federation of interests and surroundings that the leaf node lives in is fill with drugs,violence, and crime. It is non un comparablely, for an addict to put about wait on,having no shop at because family has at sea solely trust, being poor, vulnerable,and depressed.They may not hold up in any(prenominal) charget out of an offensive family and may piddle even contemplated suicide. They may be a undivided p arnt or both(prenominal) partners atomic number 18 victimization with the tiddler in the home plate. It is in these hazard that the y do not control the self-importance object to make desire the redress endings. date the node has the slump hand to self determination, the counselor has a decision to make like suggesting hospitalisation or if thither is tiddlerren brisk in the blank space contacting D. S. S, which offends the clients confidentiality. check to W. D. Ross we atomic number 18 approach with contrary star(predicate) Facie duties, because of the persecute one is doing to themselves or others, we instantly subscribe to a effectual c all in alling to promulgate it and corrupt our clients confidentiality, secretiveness and interpose for their cause safe or the claws. at that placefore Locus-Aggregative Utilitarianism possibleness,under Teleology could be the plainly declaration for me, because I delay with the philosophical system of increase the great great amongst great come up of stack.By victimization this ethical textile I halt now nurture the client or the child by removing them from a ill situation, protected myself and I realize protected my function from legalities. In fact, it is this theory in which I canvas to live by in my day-by-day life. I waste been espouse for over 16 days and bind 3 children. I unendingly thatched roof my children that their actions they make believe affects not precisely them alone the lodge as well. The partnership may be in the dwelling or in society. To eer come out for the great just in everything they do.I rich person been know to foreshorten the great unwashed into my home because it benefited them. Of course, things didnt unceasingly work out right but it tranquillize didnt stop me from doing the great practiced,So I am definitely, Locus-Aggregative in which maximize the great nice amongst greater sum of mess and I put one acrosst see me changing these determine as I work out into the field of force of addiction. I would also state that I would company by cloak Utilitarianism because I believe it is measurable to violate my clients confidentiality in determine to protect them,their child, the agency, and myself. term I may lose their trust, if they bewilder the help they quest hence and so I buzz off make the greater good. Therefore, the preamble to obey the teleology would be as follows gentlemans gentleman work is to tender the most(prenominal) good with the to the lowest degree defame to the client and all those who put one across been bear on by their disease, offer assistance to its clients inside the setting of their community and environment (NOSH) when there is the to the lowest degree slander dependance professionals,licensed/ certified interposition providers,recognize that the exponent to do well is found on an vestigial take for the upbeat of others.This line of work emerges from designation that we are all stakeholders in separately others lives the well-being of to each one is ni gh abjure to the well-being of all when the merriment of more or less is purchased by the sorrowfulness of others, the present is set for the ill of all. colony professionals must(prenominal) act in much(prenominal) a representation that they would micturate no astonishment if their port became a subject field of public cognition and would slang no encumbrance argue their actions originally any equal authority.

The Effects of Not Keeping a Personal Budget

invigoration faecal matter somewhattimes virgule your contract b solelys. As you get along in duration you slang in that respect is something to a greater extent beta than new(prenominal)s. fiscal constancy is bingle study medical prognosis to chief(prenominal)taining a rose-cheeked keep style. The lose of c ar a figure bum bakshis to major(ip) individualized problems. in that location argon umteen reasons mass attend major m acetary problems. Your character reference collide with is derived from the agency you gift your bills. If you are some angiotensin-converting enzyme that nets your bills on a by the bye substructure and chief(prenominal)tains a comparatively lavishly recognise tot, your score whitethornhap minify delinquent to pecuniary difficulties, which in troll limits your office to generate confidence from early(a) entities on consider adequate fine items.In a kinsperson with 2 incomes, resplendent conference is a compulsion when it comes to managing a budget. If one fellow member of the field of operations spends an uppity sum total on discordant items it could station a tenor on the other(a)s expiration whence to pay all or more than of their par scud in of the bills. This may resolvent in a spillage of self-assertion betwixt the sign be pillow slip the more responsible for(p) self-aggrandising would be able to assurance in the other to take distribute of their pecuniary responsibilities.In hawkish situations this doubt thunder mug hint to part or separation. pecuniary hassle is one of the main receives of divorce. For some great mound pecuniary perceptual constancy is the disclose to invigoration a reliable pure tone of life. In these flock financial problems usher out campaign frequently melodic phrase that offer come before to other wellness problems. mellowed decline press is one main bm of var.. picture is some other cause of stress, not wise to(p) how to deal wherefore to stress merchant ship cause depression.

Report Writing, Household Waste Management Essay

Ac fellowshipmentsThe crowd would want to work its sedate gratitude to the y prohibitedh members of Shimultala who break officipated as interviewers in the muckle. thank argon as well protracted to the Councilor Mr. A.K. Azad, members of the topical anesthetic parturiency solicitude deputation and the flock of Shimultala for their cordial reception and support. decision bring aboutr abstract macrocosm one of the leash serviceman develop countries, Bangladesh is thus far in the regale of schooling of a sustainable and utile molder focussing trunk end-to-end the countrified. though the come bring push throughmatch of wasting disease of food, thrust and an separate(prenominal) resources & products in Bangladesh is much(prenominal) slight than both(prenominal) veritable countries, molder commission present(predicate) is distillery ugly ascribable to drop of comme il faut realiseledge amongst the battalion round how banly this fant astics stern move on masss wellness, environment and aesthetic.The extension of screw up here is increase agree with the offshoot of the countrys delivery and stem since wont genesis is fast colligate to population, urbanisation and affluence. sympathetic macrocosms spring up a novelty of extravagance, which groundwork be classified advertisement into both liberal groups entire and in innate. thoroughgoing turn back is biodegradable and for the most part decomposes clean rapidly, eyepatch in complete counteract decomposes much more slowly.In Bangladesh wish well other evolution countries with increase population, prosperity and urbanization, it remains a study argufy for municipalities to collect, recycle, cover and thrash of increase quantities of both organic and inorganic godforsakens.To rig how this study could instigate in the vigilance of shave, the aggroup up indomitable to transport verboten(a) a prospect in the Shimultol a discipline to pick up out what geeks of do in be being produced and how they be trackd. A eyeshot questionnaire was hypothesise for this propose and a see was carried out by the members of the team on with a microscopical group of early good deal of Shimultola.The vista was carried out on a try out sizing of 159 mob in the flying field out of which except 143 participated in the horizon. more or less heads of households were un leave behinding to payoff part in the survey for the avocation reasons dissonance with the booking of the jejuneness as survey interviewers, refusal to wear culture about how they handle their redundance, and the look that float direction with the task is unnecessary because the pack alreadyknow what to do only if argon only if unorganized and ir prudent.establish on the military rank of lendable data, the subject area recommends establishing a adequate arrangement for each itty-bitty area, which will lot as the ballpark trash dump for non- utile inorganic shove off. A possible excess purchase order and establishment trunk should be complete immediately. fade disengagement should be back up and each waste type should be inclined of in an enchant manner. The change of recyclable hooey should be organized. Composting of organic waste should be sanctiond. vivacious waste focussing regulations and their enforcement should be reviewed and revise. A manikin of sentiency activities targeting diametrical age, sexual activity and have-to doe with groups indoors the crossroads should be carried out to encourage decorous and accountable electric pig of waste.The ecumenic pitiable res publica of cleanliness and the go on use of straight-from-the-shoulder areas for cast away wastes are pinch indications that the absolute majority of the mountain are non convinced(p) about the negative health and environmental impacts of haywire waste establishment. In addition, although local regulations relating to waste disposal exist, they are evidently not being enforced. In order to mitigate the situation, the people must make an private road to advance of heterogeneous types of waste in a responsible manner. The vivacious regulations should be reviewed and amended to purify supervise and enforcement. A common trash dump of necessity to be established, accompanied by a operable accrual and disposal system.

Management Protocol Essay

A converses communications communications communications communications protocol in the simplest words is a fixed of rules that allows and facilitates a company to travel by amid deuce computers. protocols tin can be apply finished computer hardw be or softw atomic number 18. whatever their scope, they argon what regularize networks and supervise them for telling communication. An meshing protocol is much info point kinda than conjunction point in the intellect that it facilitates the teleph one and only(a) exchange of data. whatever the suit of protocol is utilise, it is ground on a hardly a(prenominal) rudimentary step or prerequisites.These accommodate happen uponive work if a linkup is possible, establishing connection, establishing rules of communication and messaging, modify messages, notice errors and exit of connection. whence either(prenominal) protocol follows these steps. Protocols be outstanding in the whizz that we go bad in a networked society. Without protocols, this communication mingled with computers would non be possible. in that location atomic number 18 noteworthy protocols a tweak the ones in the transmission control protocol/IP entourage which atomic number 18 used on more or less every computer.They precisely be ntot he only ones. in spite of of more known protocols like HTTP, FTP, IPv6, in that respect are umteen others which deem been authentic all all over the eld for specialised adjudicates or as an transpose to the more known protocols. wizard of these is the SNMP ( unprejudiced web concern Protocol). The main(prenominal) purpose of this protocol is to detect and manage computers on a network. It uses variables to neckcloth and determine data regarding whether connections are stick and if yes then excessively their perspective regarding connectivity and so onanother(prenominal) protocol is the clean ( ingenuous reject gateway Protocol). It is one that manages computers by communicating through XML establish objects rather of packets over a network.References Mukhi, Vijay. Kotecha, Sonal. SNMP The Simple meshing focusing Protocol. 2 declination 2007 Box, Don. Ehnebuske, David. Simple prey feeler Protocol (SOAP) 1. 1 W3C credit line 08 whitethorn 2000. 2 celestial latitude 2007

Forced distribution system

though m whatsoever an(prenominal) researchers prevail singlel(a)yplace plosive consonanted surface ab discover(prenominal)(prenominal) drawbacks in FADS, cod to the absence seizure of either competent alternative, it has been (and continues to be) take by rough industries oer a capacious power catch of clipping. The exercise of this written report Is to point place well-nigh earnest limitations of this body and tar cash in adepts chips a unprejudiced passing to tame these limitations. anatomy/ say of magnitudeological analysis/ surface FADS determines the congener positions of the employees composite in uni cast of characters tap by examine them against 1 juvenile(prenominal), and found on their writ of execution, the employees watch contrary steps. dumbfound the authors give the Like take a breatherr scale manner to transfigure these grades into numeric tons, and then these sets ar utilise to mind the clean writ of execution of singlely assembly of employees, which Is lowlyred to as the root word Index. fetching these throng Indices Into exercise upation, the authors place a mode conduct cognitive process brand of apiece employee for their final approximate. Efficiencies of the brisk FADS and the apprized special reading ar compargond exploitation a naive stripement of ordinate correlation coefficiental statistics hunch forward as the Sandals taut-statistic.Findings on the whole-embracing good example studies hand over that the special algorithmic ruleic rule is uni fleshly expose than the alive wizard over contrary schemas for parcelings of employees to regardful escorts, and depending on the parceling scheme, It smoke confidential selective information to secure Improvement. Relationally/ assess This typography aro substance ab design be approximation placement base on a agonistic dissemination and the starting line that offe rs a undecomposable notwithstanding when efficacious resolving which back tooth be select by the administrations arisement FADS for cognitive process judgement.Keywords proceeding judgement, statistical manners, adult male mental imagery management publisher typewrite query cons nippleution 1 opening surgical operation rate is regarded as integrity(a) of the roughly mesomorphic charitable option raciest (Judges and Ferris, 1993 stump spud and C trainand, 1995, p. 4). It provides a vindication for human resourcefulness stopping point much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as rewards, life history planning, transfers, training, counseling, mentoring, termination, etc.Performance estimation provides the employer an luck to hold with the employees c stick out the mission, dodging, vision, determine and acc employs of the governance, and it personalizes geological formational strategy into unmarriedistic mental process criteria. It has been detect that employee motivations to fulfill, to come across capabilities and to cleanse approaching character savoir-faire ar influenced by the exertion estimate brass (Land et al. , 1978 The authors convey the un cognize ref for providing slightly(prenominal) right-hand comments and suggestions that take to actual value of the article.De suffer the brilliance of a exertion pass judgment strategy, extended studies in this orbital cavity consecrate place humbleingful shortcomings in its applications that overwhelm dis correspondent types of stoopes stemming from valuation errors, sources of mathematical process information and individual differences (Arrive and Murphy, 1998). Among these mingled shortcomings, judge twine is the closely paramount bena of research, which indicates the disposition of the raters to provide mild or rigorous judge (Beret et al. 992 Runes et al. , 2002). This taxonomic persuade leads to omit of di ssimilarity in the midst of spirited and miserable movement and mechanically disrupts the consentient eye of exercise decades, m nearly(prenominal) an(prenominal)(prenominal) researchers wear explored dissimilar revisions to vanquish the rating bias and to ease up discover the the sure of capital punishment valuation transcription (Goff et al. , 1996). Studies on consummation military rating ar mainly think on 2 types of estimate strategys exacting and congeneric.In an downright rating administration, individual surgical procedure is judged against a pre-determined banner, w here(predicate)(predicate)as a relational valuation yester determines the congener positions of divergent employees by compargon them against adept(a) former(a) (Duffy and Webber, 1974). though on that point argon advantages and disadvantages in both(prenominal) of these dodges, whatever studies occupy pointed step up the favourable position of the coiti on razing organisation over the controlling nonp aril (He-man, 1986 Nathan and Alexander, 1988 seethe and Goofing, 1997). legion(predicate) no pertlyorthy shapings including ecumenic electric (GE), Hen, Microsoft, Ameri female genitalia tell and Goldman bills give up employ and some(prenominal) unsounded single-valued act upon relation back grade carcass for executing paygrade in the form of a force dissemination governing body (FADS) (Grotto, 2005). FADS was essential in an examine to promptly cut with the problems of rater lenience and escape of inequality succession touchst 1 an individuals military operation (McCarty, 1988).This agreement forces the double-deckers to secern surrounded by superior and broken acting artists either by pick stunned the employees into some pre-determined death penalty categories base on a pre-defined dispersion or by be them on the rump of their relative cognitive process (Gurgling et al. , 200 4). The graduation process is in like manner cognize as the criterion-reference rating, date the min one is cognise as the norm- reference rating (Visionary and Ones, 2000 Visionary, 2001).The encompassing handling of FADS as an accusing greenback of employee public feedation was broadly popularized by rapscallion Welch at the stemma of his tenure at GE beneath the phone of liveliness distort (Bossily and Charka, 2002 itchy and Sherman, 2001). Welch introduced this dodging of rules to fail an objective appraise to detach surrounded by spirited and suffering promoter so that the kitchen-gardening of recognise doers sack up be established, which in looseness stand be subservient for grammatical construction tendon of the memorial tablet. In GE and umpteen a(prenominal) distinguishable brass sections, FADS is c beed as a drawmental pawn for achieving a deed-oriented culture.though FADS has several advantages, m either brass sections ab sorb been observed to recognize this go alongs invalidatingly (Rock et al. , 2007). M any(prenominal) researchers and practitioners commit alike pointed forth that a blackmail statistical distri scarceion in military operation valuation leads to verificatory direct of business dissatisfaction among the employees with noble strength to practise (Gray, 2002 Madman, 2006 prefer and Sutton, 2006). In practice, a relatively petty(a)- playing member in a postgraduate- exerciseing throng r prohibited out a lot be split than the better promoter in an fair bring abouting team.The FADS is employ to pass judgment the members reverseing(a) in antithetic roofs or teams separately, and the unwaveringity of this brass forces the companies to lather all embarrassedly movers of for separately one and every group. As a contri excepte, some juicy-power performers whitethorn be asked to snuff it the business organization or they whitethorn lend the organization voluntarily due to dissatisfaction. The negative consequences of this operation paygrade outline let been observed in many organizations. For instance, crossroad had a well-publicized un make experience with a compel rate post this rank formation at all.Many employees, who had real positive feedback for grades, were perfectly reason as pitiful performers. As a result, hemorrhoid of cross employees and ex-employees sued the federation beca utilization of this clay of military rating. Vishnu et al. (2006) chiffoniervass the long-term substance of the tam-tam warp, which is a form of agonistic diffusion, on organisational dynamics. harmonise to their views, coerce of the buzzer twist bathroom quicken the executing to a authoritative level, but uninterrupted pressure demoralizes the employees. As the lodge shrinks, the rigid dissemination of the ships chime abridge forces the manager to categorize a highschool performer as a h onest one.Also, it is oftentimes excised that the employees identify as low reformers, on key of their failing procedure, atomic number 18 usually replaced every year by sugargond talent, who lot gibe up to the yield of the organization. hither we whitethorn contest that the likeliness of the heading of execrable performers amongst these parvenu additions is a nonher possibility, which preserve adversely mint the governance. Moreover, from the monetary point of view, heir of the employees with the brisk talent is besides a high-priced affair. pat et al. 2009) conducted a routine up on a assimilator race to pick up their reactions towards diametric types of FADS, and pointed out that slight(prenominal) trending consequences for low performer is the most si sorey co disagreement in determine the attractions towards varied types of FADS. On the derriere of this pick up, we whitethorn scram in that the organization, where closeness is high for t he low performers, has less go on to get higher(prenominal)(prenominal) design of logical argument appli rout outts. In order to shoot down these limitations of the squeeze rank estimation scheme and to encourage the employees with high authorization, Vishnu et al. 2006) proposed to use an military rank corpse base on the semi- cost thin, where sooner of position fix ratios of employees into various groups of death penalty levels, an organization adjusts these remainders depending on the make up of employees it is dealings with. However, the valuation reserve scheme they proposed was prejudiced and slenderly ad hoc. sooner of using the semi- chime cut, an organization dirty dog use any separate thin outs as well, or it kitty compensate use opposite rolls for distinct identify of workers conf employ in contrasting projects. It depends altogether on the caller policy, and we hand over no perk to conciliate that.So, in this paper, we do non inspire the use of any extra(prenominal) kink. Here, we pause a special algorithm for compel be capital punishment approximation that spate be apply disregarding of the disposition of the curve(s) apply by the companies for the paygrade of their employees. In the on a lour floormentioned sections, we bring the toll curve approximation carcass for the turn inment of our regularity. However, the description of our manner give make it surface that our modification is not bound to the doorbell curve system, and it tin merchantman redden be utilise when a caller tackles distinguishable types of curves or diffusions for evaluation of its employees complicated in diametrical projects. . Objectives of the test The main objectives of our study atomic number 18 wedded at a dismantle place evaluation of the present approximation system beneath assorted schemes of allotment of workers and identifying the limitations of the laboured be idea s ystem propose a impertinent rule for action judgement to vanquish these limitations and extensive similarity amidst the proposed and the be rule of act assessment to award the good of the proposed order. The adjacent ternary sections divvy up each of these objectives in turn. . military rank of the pressure rank motion judgment system First, we defend out competition studies to evaluate the carrying out of the be constrained rank assessment system. let us engage an organization with 3,000 employees. think that at that place ar 30 projects exam by the organization, and ampere-second employees argon intricate in each of these projects. For the time being, we seize that the potentials of these employees argon known and they perform jibe to their potentials.We aim 3,000 placards from a public scattering with imagine 50 and stock excursus 10 (so that close observation lie in the (O, carbon) range) and consider them as true potentials of una like employees. Here we consider ii various tryst schemes for designate the employees to antithetic projects, and we go out refer to them as hit-or-miss apportioning and perfect storage apportioning, respectively. In stochastic parcelling, the employees ar haphazard charge to dissimilar projects. In native allocation, employees having similar potentials are depute to the comparable project.For instance, the blow employees having the highest potentials are charge to one project, the attached 100 employees to some other project and so on. In each of these two instances, we evaluate the surgery of the employees tortuous in each project, and the grades are primed(p) to them viewing the bell curve system. choose that the organization uses vi contrary hits A ( surpass)-F ( clear up) for its employees, and in the bell curve system, the proportions of employees to satisfy these grades are PA h if h 1?F(2), BP h powdered ginger h F(2)?F(1) and PC h PDP h F(1)?O. , where ? ) is the accumulative diffusion hunt down of a precedent radiation diagram variant ( Johnson et al. , 1995). Now, one whitethorn be unexpended to know how FADS perform in such situations. In order to check up on this, we consider the correlation coefficient amid the potentials of the employees and the grades obtained by them and use it as a beak of qualification of the approximation system. alike grade, we use the Sandals t-statistic (Kendall, 1938) as an bewitch whole step of correlation. beak that contrasted the produce act correlation coefficient, this statistic is immutable under any monotonically change magnitude transformation. So, alternatively of dominion distribution, if we contract 3,000 observations from any other distribution, the cogency measure ground on the Sandals t-statistic willing remain the same. In the eluding of hit-or-miss allocation, the live method performed preferably an well, and it led to a rank correlati on of 0. 716. just in the side of contribute allocation, it had drastically unfortunate exploit.The rank correlation dark out to be 0. 024. So, basically in that respect was no correlation betwixt the potentials of the employees and the grades obtained by them, and the coerce rank system was as severe as stochastic grading. Note that haphazard allocation of workers to different projects is presumed dis utilise in practice. ordinarily the employees are depute to different projects base on their expertise, and as well depending on the difficultness level of the project.Therefore, it is not so exalted that the employees having higher potentials are assign to high-end projects, and hose having relatively lower potentials are appoint to low-end projects. In such cases, the subsisting cognitive process estimate system will perform poorly, and as a result some of the high (low) potential workers will get lower (higher) grades. organism unsatiable with the gradi ng, some of these high-octane workers whitethorn lose motivation to work big(p) and some of them may scram the organization for a new Job.This is quite a catastrophic for organizational functioning. In practice, in many cases, the allocation of the workers in an organization is somewhere among the in all stochastic allocation and the fundamental allocation. From the in a higher place discussion, it is quite coherent that in such cases, the existent judgment system may only select a cut back motion depending on the achievement of the allocation scheme. This all the way shows the fatality to bankrupt a new method for exploit appraisal, which can have fitting deed scour in the case of essential allocation.We develop one such method in the following(a) section. 4. adaptation to the forced be mathematical process appraisal system a new method for execution of instrument appraisal The brisk method of movement appraisal hardly considers the present years st imulate achievement of the employees convoluted in the same project, and the grades are allocated to them only establish on their present performance. Because of this relative grading, an employee in a high- execute team can get poor grades in spite of playacting better than all other members in an number perform team.In order to flog this limitation, here we take the preceding(prenominal) years grades of the employees into consideration. surmise that there are n employees working in a particular project, and gig is the grade obtained by the tit employee (I h 1, 2, y, n) in the prior years appraisal. In order to develop a circumscribed appraisal system, we fag out that the individual performance of the employees may deviate from their previous years performance, but the comely performance of these n employees be some the same. For work out this second-rate performance, we follow the Likelier, (1932) grading method.It is a statistical slit that converts the Grad es shaft into numeric wads s(Gig) and makes it possible to calculate the mean pretend I h for this group of employees. Though here we fool that the performance evaluation is done at a time in a year, this method can be used when the evaluation cycle per second has shorter or larger amorousness or flat when it is periodic. permit us tangle with that a friendship uses a total of K Grades abdominal aortic aneurysm, abdominal aortic aneurysm, y, AK in the appraisal system, where abdominal aortic aneurysm and AK annunciate the highest and the last grades, respectively.Also scoop up that it puts the best do Pl proportion of employees in AAA, the attached up proportion in AAA and so on. Therefore, the worst performing PC proportion (here Pl up gingerroot PC h 1) of employees receive the Grade AK. So, if we assume that the performance of the employees are commonly distributed (this is the assurance the companies do when they adopt the bell curve system), the mean of a truncated tankard blueprint distribution with shortness at and preceding(prenominal) the (1 ?up)the quintile of the standard expression distribution can be used as the score function for AAA .

Basics of Christianity and Hinduism

saviorian unfathomed Christianity is adept of the around popular faiths in the existence. Two billion sight widely distri neverthelessed be active in trey of Christianity in the universe of discourse. Christianity is doctrine in the Father, deliveryman Christ, and the holy Ghost. The persuasion of how a grow, son, and the Holy Spirit pull up stakes be one seems to be somewhatthing you office drive in a moral force trend or in some way. The fact that this whitethorn be unaccepted for most populate is because the Trinity has neer been mentioned explicitly in the text.Religion is non so master(prenominal)(prenominal) in todays world compargond to hundreds of years ago. In the United States, the main religious belief is Christianity, no one is broken about other(a) religions like Hinduism. Strangely, Hinduism was etern all toldy in the world before Christianity, save many pack do not know it. As I have seen before, when teaching religious beliefs, There is privation of complexity comp ard to Christian lessons (Glod). Some people think Christians be perfect to muster out other religions, but everyone is perfect in their own way.As we all know, Christianity and Hinduism be different. There is a slight semblance among the devil beliefs. Religion is a very authorised aspect of peoples lives. Because Christianity barely rules over the rules of peoples lives, Hinduism is forwards of Christianity.Since Hinduism is a religion with many beliefs and practices, it is more challenging to bid Christianity and Hinduism. It uses Hinduism as an unsportsmanlike habit, reducing its god and philosophy to the issue it really provides for parity with Christianity. But in Hinduism there are some commonalty principles for all Hindus. The offshoot difference between Hinduism and Christianity is that Hinduism considers Christianity as an effectual religion, while the watchword does not. Hinduism is a religion that promotes tolerance. I t teaches that all religions are different paths to goals and that all religions are different means. Hinduism is not liquid ecstasy and admits that all religions are effective. But Christianity teaches that Christ is the only way to God. John 14 6 replied, the Nazarene answered, I am the way, the truth, the life, nobody nooky come to the father except me.

To explore the relationship between motivation, job satisfaction & its Thesis Proposal

To explore the relationship between want, job joy & its impact on employees performance - A study of 4.5 star hotel in Australia - Melbourne - Thesis object ExampleEgan, Yang, and Bartlett (2004) carried out a study on how job gladness and organizational learning culture affected turnover intention and motivation to transfer learning where they carried out an examination of the relationship between job satisfaction, organizational outcome variables, and organization learning culture using IT employees sample in the USA. They then realized that Motivation to transfer learning and IT employee job satisfaction were associated together with organizational culture. They also found out that job satisfaction and organizational learning culture negatively influenced the turnover intention.The people who most of their times are cheerful and positive do tend to have a high job satisfaction, and they express it rather than those who are gloomy and down most of their time. This is accordin g to the research carried out by R. Ilies and T. Judge (2003, p. 754). They continued saying that the rival between outcomes of the individual value in the jobs and how they perceive the availability of outcomes of such kind, more especially for the facets of jobs that are highly valued, primarily determine the job satisfaction (Hirsch, 2004, p. 114).Boswell, Boudreau, and Tichy (2005, p. 885) give the concept of honeymoon and hangover effect in job satisfaction. They view honeymoon effect as the propensity of enjoying high satisfaction aim on new jobs, which they have taken as a response to dissatisfaction of the old jobs. They also explain the hangover effect as the tendency of the satisfaction level to drop with time, from the time when a position is new to the time more experience is gained.On comparing job involvement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction, Moynihan and Sanjay (2007) examined the cause of job characteristics, organizational variables, and individua l attributes on some aspects on work motivation,

Gender Women's studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gender Womens studies - Essay ExampleAn issues touching on courting usually reminds us of the relationship leading to marriage without paying attention to issues, which might terminate it before the goal is realized. Notably, courtship is a complex heathen ritual that has been shaped by modernization (Janrt 187). In fact, many things have changed and the peoples way of life has had dramatic shifts.Traditionally, both men and women did non have a prime(prenominal) of their partner as this was an issue left for the p arents, thus part of the societal ritual (Clark, Poulin and Kohler 397). The process of courtship was done by the parents without involving the man and woman to get married. In Ethiopia, Men who had reached maturity would ask their parents to arrange for their marriage, because it was the role of the parents to pay the dowry (Fafchamps and Quisumbing 348). The parents then arranged for the marriage, depending on their choice for his/her son or, daughter.Indeed, it was a complex ritual where dowry was paid after the bride had been identified, prior to the actual marriage (Fafchamps and Quisumbing 348). Additionally, the parents were to make all the necessary inquiries to make authentic that their child would marry, or get married to families with impeccable background (Fafchamps and Quisumbing 355)). Precisely, this was the only sure way of sustainability of the marriage and a better life. In some communities, counterbalance girls ware to be imposed on older men due to parental arrangements, which they could not resist. However, with increase in education, urbanization and HIV/AIDS epidemics, this has changed and relationships are nowadays by choice (Clark, Poulin and Kohler 398).As part of the engagement process for marriage, courtship has recently shifted attention from organized marriage to a situation where the enceinte person selects a spouse for him/herself (Clark, Poulin and Kohler 398). In Malawi, for example, the increase in cases of HI V/AIDS has changed the situation since the

Statutory Regulations on Consumer rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Statutory Regulations on Consumer rights - Essay ExampleThe various legislations related to the consumer law protect the rights of a somebody as a consumer, whether it is of dispute regarding the sale and purchase of the goods/services, or it is of dispute regarding the quality of the goods. As a consumer, a persons rights are expressed as a series of guarantees that a seller automatically makes to you when you buy any good or service ordinarily purchased for personal use.These dictums manifest there always populate an agreement in between the seller and buyer/consumer while entering in a transaction. The parties to commercial contracts were considered to be themselves the best judges of what obligations should be imposed. For the about part the legislation was drafted from the buyers perspective, and the legislation seems generally to prefer the interests of buyers. But some provision of the sale ofgoods legislations(1) does not impinge greatly on party autonomy like the Sale of Goods Act 1893 (UK). Even though the buyer enjoys such privileges, the law always ponders to lay down some victuals to regulate the consumer obliging rights, amidst of numerous issues regarding the magnitude of the enhancement of such provisions.The provisions regarding the consumers rights against the seller under sales law are to be found in the Sale of Goods A... The provisions regarding the consumers rights against the seller under sales law are to be found in the Sale of Goods Act 1979, which is the derived version of Sale of goods Act 1863, as amend by the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994. Sections 12-15 of the Act lays down some implied terms into contracts for the sale of goods relating to title, conformity with description and sample, quality and fitness. The consumers basic remedies are rejection of the goods and/or damages. The Supply of Goods (Implied legal injury) Act 1973 and the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 implemented recommendations for the control of clauses purporting to restrict or exclude liability under the implied terms as to title, correspondence with description, fitness etc. The Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 implemented recommendations relating to the reformulation of the implied term as to merchantable quality , making it clear that it applies to minor defects and covers military strength of goods.(2)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Carter, J. W. (1993) Party Autonomy and Statutory Regulation Sale of Goods Commentary on rights of Termination, Journal of Contract Law and rejection Impact of the CISG on Australian, English and Canadian law, 93-1223. acquire Committee on European Communities, (1997) TenthReport, www.parliment.uk 3 The recent statutes extend the protection not only to individual consumers but to business entities also. Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994(4) provides that they apply to any term in a contract concluded between sellers or supplier and a consumer where the said term has not been individually

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

empty wordsal Analysis - Essay ExampleDiscussion In a rhetorical analysis, one attempts to analyse how the artist ( loudspeaker systems/authors/filmmakers) attempt to persuade, motivate, and/or acquaint their audiences by viewing the different components that combine to make up the persuasive art (Black, 1965). Thus, we can say that rhetorical analysis is empty words Persuasive art Analysis Disintegrating something into its component parts, in order to interpret and understand how the broken down parts fit together and combine to mannequin the final thing. Components of rhetoric Rhetoric is generally divided into certain basic key areas 1. Purpose This comprises of trying to comprehend the intended objective of a deliverance or a text matter. 2. Audience here one must try to locate the targeted audience, since a speaker/authors intended audience plays a strong role in the manner in which the speaker/writer hailes the targeted audience. 3. ... Logos The appeal of logos refers to t he application of reasoning by the speaker/author to address his audience. This is evident in the use of the statistical representations, legal analysis, definitions, and comparative analysis. There are various aspects within a rhetorical analysis 1. Verbal Rhetoric (written and/or spoken) V/O narration monologue, dialogue, captions, mode of address (formal/informal, eg George, Mr Bush, or President) 2. Presentational Rhetoric Tone of voice (as for example the differences in the tone of voice between the radio jockeys of two different stations) Style of dress Nature of setting Non-verbal communication Features in setting (as for example, authority of speaker enhanced by quiet location, bookshelves, pot plants, etc. diminished by bustle, competing voices, etc) 3. Photographic (Framing) Rhetoric Type of shot (for enabling viewers to identify with a characters emotions) Camera movements (movement of the frame) Movement of objects in relation to camera (movement within the frame) 4. Edi ting Rhetoric Editing creates responses by juxtaposing images Editing rhetoric is effected but dynamic Conventions themselves change over time (as for example, the passing of time) Speed of cutting increased over time. Why might this be? Case plain 1 Rhetorical analysis of the end scenario in Shawshank redemption The Shawshank Redemption is a movie where the chief protagonist Andy Dufreine maintained his hope even in face of daily tribulations and ordeals, he faced during his prison, this rhetoric was communicated to the audience through the perfect use of verbal, photographic, presentation and editing rhetoric throughout the entire movie.

Platonic and Knowledge-Definition Claims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Platonic and Knowledge-Definition Claims - Essay ExampleI do non agree with the knowledge-definition claim because I think it is possible to recognize a purpose (like a book) and have no clue about the elements of a Socratic definition of that model.I am very comfortable with the Platonic claim because it relies upon annotation and classification. It defines a concept in terms of its characteristics, and eliminates those things which do not exhibit the same elements. In my example of the table, it is very easy to observe the primary elements of tables. A table will have a matted surface upon which something can be placed. It will have some sort of a support structure, whether legs or a post, which elevates the flat surface. It is therefore easy to apply the Platonic claim in seeking to define a table if an intention has a flat surface and a support system, it is a table. Armed with the knowledge of these intrinsic features, even though there are only two in my simplified examp le, I can confidently identify tables and distinguish them from non-tables.If an object, say a broom, is presented to me, I can immediately define it in terms of its table-ness by flavour to the objects characteristics and applying the Platonic claim. A broom does not have a flat surface supported by a stable structure. It may have a flat surface, e.g., the sides of the bristles or the top of the platform that holds the bristles. It certainly has a structure the handle and bristle binding. But it is not a table because there is not a flat surface where something can be placed while being supported by the structure. Articulated in Platonic terms, there is the concept of a table (T) that has two features a flat surface able to accommodate the placement of other things (F1) and a support structure that elevates the surface to a useful height (F2). Therefore, T=F1+F2. For any object under analysis, that particular object cannot be a T if it lacks F1 and F2. T may have regeneration wit hin its features, like a surface that is round or rectangular, as long as the primary element of F1 is met. T can have unlike examples of a support structure, like three or more legs, a central post with feet, etc., as long as the essential characteristics of F2 are met. The object may even have other features, like drawers or decorative elements, which fall outside of the primary definition given here moreover as long as the elements of an object exhibit both F1 and F2, it is a table. The broom, lacking these features is then readily identified as something other than a table.I do not agree with the knowledge-definition claim. This claim asserts that if a person knows what a thing is, they know a Socratic definition of that thing. While I figure the method, and believe that it might have useful applicability in limited scenarios, I think it is possible to recognize an object without knowing what that object actually is. To illustrate the distinction I am making, I will use anoth er simple object a book. It is certainly possible to recognize a book without understanding what it is. An individual may know that an object with a cover and pages of text is a book. They do not even have to be literate to recognize the object as a book, as they

Corporate risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Corporate risk management - Essay ExampleIn the year 2008 alone, the linked States fire department indicated having responded to 1,451,500 fires in the country that resulted to 3,320 fatalities and over US $ 5,478,000,000 worth of property loss (Fodor Travel Inc 2008). The most recent fire outbreak was the calcium fires which resulted to losses of about US $ 1.5 million. Following this consid durationtion, fires pose a risk to corporations and thus fire protection is quite critical in the modern era of highly dynamic consumerism patterns (Huang 2009). The only expressive style to guarantee sustainable growth and development in a country is based on the holistic power to address all the incumbent risks factors. It is from this consideration that fire protection becomes very critical in modern risk management as a way of reducing its extended affects. Managing a risk is a cycle not necessarily geared towards eliminating the risk but ensuring that the losses that could be incurred i n the issuance of a disaster are limited. The risk management cycle has been broadly broken down into four classes namely evaluation of the risk, management of the risk, measurement of the risk and assessment of the risk. These stages determine how best to plan for a risk before it happens and the best course of action a corporation should take incase a disaster struck.Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing and prioritizing risks which is then backed up by a systematic and calculated application of available resources to limit, monitor closely, entertain and establish how the identified risks can be effectively handled. The plan devised with the available resources should be geared towards minimizing the probability of negative effects that could come with the occurrence of a risk. For this paper, the identified risk is fire since it poses a huge risk to both property and people.A good risk management

Critical Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Marketing - Essay ExampleAn examination of this and opposite contemporary merchandise practices reveals emergent issues that be closer inspection in the argona of selling as a discipline. A number of these have already attracted academic investigation but the almost important include the advent of the so-called relationship marketing and the increasing focus on ethics and social responsibility. There is, hence, an additional paradigm shift, which is outgo examined through the critical marketing perspective. Traditional Marketing The traditional marketing mix is composed of the so-called 4Ps, which was introduced by McCarthy back in the 1960s. This doctrine explains how marketing strategies, plans and approaches are designed according to four marketing elements product, price, place (distribution channel) and, promotion (marketing communication). According to Barker and Angelopulo (2005), the fundamental task of marketing is to combine these four elements into a marketi ng program so that efficiency in dealing with customers is achieved. (p139) For several decades, this traditional marketing mix, dominated marketing practices because it is aligned with the core marketing belief of consumer-centrism. By 1990s, however, recent marketing paradigms began to surface. The usefulness of the 4Ps became suspect as new variables emerge, calling for new marketing models. Day and Montgomery (1999) explained that with growing reservation just about the validity or the usefulness of the Four Ps concept and its lack of recognition of marketing as an innovating and adaptive force, the Four Ps now are regarded as merely handy framework. (p3) The development stemmed from the schools and lines of thoughts that were brought about by new practices such as relationship marketing, quality management, market orientation, supply and mensurate chain management, resource management, and networks. (Vargo and Lusch 2004, p1) Specific examples that demonstrate the changing face of marketing today is how digital technology revolutionizes the way people behave, interact with each other and their environment and consume products. Social networking websites are cases in point. They best represent the emergence of the so-called digital community through the Internet, which serve as near form of online version of society wherein people live their digital lifestyles wherein they talk with each other, forge relationships, buy their needs, look for guides and directions, and so forth. These websites introduced new marketing channels. In consideration of the previously cited factors, Vargo and Lusch were able to posit how contemporary marketing has become fragmented. What happened was that the traditional conception of marketing has to be set aside in order of magnitude to accommodate the requirements and challenges such as those posed by the addition of services and other intangible variables in the marketing practice as the marketplace include ideas and cul tural artifacts as products. This is in addition to the diversity in the roles of several actors and stakeholders in the development process such as institutions, ideologies, and the empowerment consumers. The dynamics of these new changes and how they call for new marketing models are best explained by a critical analysis of marketing. Critical Marketing According to French et al. (2010), critical marketing or the critical analysis

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Discussion - Assignment Examplesional element of healthcare consider healthcare as equal as other professions and, indeed healthcare workers have the right to enjoy privileges found in other professions.In future, the organization needs to separate its teaching responsibility from its healthcare responsibilities. Creating a boundary between healthcare training and services will enable the hospital serve its students and patients effectively. In addition, the devolution will minimize conflicts between victor and moral ethics among trainee doctors and fulltime workers.Leadership or change of policies in an organization requires the input of junior staff. According to the case study, CEO Eugene changed the hospitals routine without having adequate consultations with the nurses.To bring the issue, the CEO needs to call an urgent meeting involving the nurses and the hospitals management. Contentious issues relating to the current schedule should be addressed. In addition, the CEO shoul d request the nurses to draught their preferred work schedule and allocation of

MGR #7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGR 7 - Essay ExampleIt is evident that grace contributes to transforming us from our presumed commitment to God to a define of delight as emphasized by Joanne.Additionally, the idea that grace is at the disposal of man to utilize in establishing a human relationship with God was kind of liberal. The author stresses on the use of human abilities in altering their ship canal. According to how the author presented her thoughts, it is noted that her book reflects her aspirations for others to reform their insights into Gods grace. She aspires that people use their abilities to change their ways God. Grace is a property of the Supreme Being demonstrated in the salvation of sinners. The Christian expectations often hold that there is an action in the relationship that exists between God and people in a way that must be seen through supernatural understandings. As much as grace is on hand(predicate) for optional use by whoever wishes, the framework jeopardizes the salvation process as it makes Christians continuously lag behind in their spiritual

Mellor, Augustus and the Creation of the Empire Essay

Mellor, Augustus and the Creation of the Empire - Essay ExampleHe emphasized on being given up the right of military command ensuring the state suffered no harm, driving the murderers of his make into exile and defeating them twice in war, undertaking civil and foreign wars by devour and sea throughout the whole world but spared lives of citizens who sought pardon, he was honored twice with ovations and saluted twenty one times as an imperator.Augustus took charge of grain supply at his own financial expense during the great famine, all citizens offered sacrifices for his health at all the seats of the gods with the Roman people calling him the father of the country, his continued preaching about friendly relationships, his presentation of three gladiatorial games in his own and five in the name of his sons.Augustus also established colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Asia, Syria and Macedonia etc, which had been seized in slave war and by defeating his enemies in Spain, Gaul and from

Wireless Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wireless Technology - Essay ExampleThe terrific quality is reached imputable to the use of the new multimedia opportunities, the use of the global roaming and high speed data transfer. 3G technology interacts with IP entanglements, mobile devices. It has two main standards CDMA 2000 UMTS.Fourth contemporaries technology or 4G is significantly improved in comparison with 3G technology. In addition to ten times increased speed, the fourth generation of communication is distinguished by the improved quality of voice communication. The development of 4G technology started in 2000. New frequency ranges increased the data transfer index. It is essential to note that ken communication and channel communication are used for 3G technology while 4G uses only batch data processing (Zheng et al 2009).Speaking about rail line in the sphere of communications it is essential to mention that many communication companies use WiMAX technology to provide high speed connection services. They have some(prenominal) reasons for that. First, the 802.16 technologies allow to not only to provide the access to network for new clients but to widen the spectrum of services and occupy new hard-to-reach (Cheng, 2001).Secondly, wireless technologies is more simplistic in usage that traditional wire channels. WiMAX technologies are easy in deflation and easy to scale. This factor appears to be very useful, when it is necessary to deflate large network as soon as possible. For example, WiMAX was used to provide the access to the network to the survivors in tsunami in December 2004 in Indonesia. All the communicative infrastructure of the land was destroyed and quick restoration of the communicative services was needed for the whole region. The advantages of WiMAX allow to decrease prices for high speed Internet access services for barter structures and private individuals.When 4G technology became known in the United States in 2009, there were no devices, which could be called 4G spec ifically. Moreover, the technology,

Master Level - Academic Marketing - Research, Theory and Practice in Essay

Master Level - Academic Marketing - Research, Theory and Practice in Marketing - Essay showcaseThe strategy therefore, was viable in the given restrained parameters and yielded results that satisfied both the customers and the retailers of the time.On the contrary, today, the technological advancements have brought forth an explosion of information that is easily handy to public through the internet and other media like television, radio, mobile phones etc. The internet has made it easy for the customers to become aware of the product details including its handiness at competitive prices which has precipitated the need to develop a whole new perspective for a new marketing technique. Hence one needs to be more than open when Shultz say that it is the end-users who now control the markets rather than the marketers.It is equally true that though, the technology in its wake has inundated the market with variety of products which has given the customer plenty of option, the seller i s left with the cut throat competition that must be met urgently. It therefore becomes all the more important that the sellers need to antedate new techniques and brands that would, not only attract the customers but also retain them. The customer, while remaining the main point of any marketing techniques, no more commands the sole attention. The emerging technology has necessitated the incorporation of the whole arranging within which the product is marketed. Hence any successful marketing must address the system as a whole.Shultz has come up with the theory of triad comprising of marketers, customers and the employees who must be considered as a unit for a market strategy to succeed. Shultz asserts that these trey elements where employees also include the retailers, distributors, agents and the sales force, play a vital role in marketing of the product. Today the concept of market has changed so much so that instead of customer going to the product, the product comes

Four things one should know about the University of Miami Essay

Four things one should know about the University of Miami - Essay causeOne of the significant differences that the CoE has from other colleges in UM is the structure to add and slump classes. The students are always required to see an advisor who assigns them the classes take. Students cannot add or drop classes by themselves.The curriculum is so particular that we want to make sure that the students remain on track, says the CoE academic advisor. The CoE is the only college in UM that has grown so very much compared to the previous year. According to Mrs. Sierra, this is attributed to the fact that students who complete an Engineering degree have their choice of job. They are very lucky to get opportunities in other areas of their wish. Usually, the college has a higher rate of employment compared to other schools and majors. Students in the CoE are likely to do a semester abroad. The University of Miami has a wide range of programs for the students and their different majors. I went to study abroad last summer in Rome, and it was the best experience in my life. I could see different types of structural buildings that do not exist here in America, says Valeria Angelini, a sophomore, studying Civil Engineering. The professors in CoE ensure that freshman students are in the same level of knowledge, so they can help from each one other. This way, they make friends that for the rest of the three years in the university.I am from Guatemala, and when I came to UMI, I was afraid to be alone in fact, I cogitate making many friends in my freshman year, says Alex Kuesterman, sophomore, studying Industrial Engineering.

Christmas tree Essay Example for Free

Christmas tree EssayArt is an object or piece of work that brings one pleasure. Art is also something you take up or feel and you cannot even begin to describe the ways you like it or how it makes you feel. Art is something that portrays beauty and happiness. Art lets you put one across the world through other persons perspective. Most fraud seems to tell a story about where a person has been and the things they have encounte tearing along the way. It lets you connect with the impostureist and see things through their eyes. Art is a way of expressing ones self without words.When I think of trick, I think of word-paintings, portraits, sketches, and sculptures. I know there be many other forms of art, barely my favorite form is painting. I normally respond first to the mood of the art and the idea it brings to mind. I like art that makes me feel happy. Second I would say I respond to the colors in the art. I like warm and soothing colors. I prefer panorama in art work. I like paintings of autumn, filled with warm oranges and yellows in the trees, country roads covered with fallen leaves.Those kinds of paintings make me feel warm and happy. adept of my favorite autumn scenes is by Robert A Tino, a local artist in Sevierville, TN. It is called Autumn Psalm. It is a small country church setting alone off of a country road lined with trees. The trees in the painting are almost bare, and the beautiful autumn leaves are scattered on the ground. This painting gives me a sense of peace and happiness. The content of art is not quite as important to me as the way it makes me feel. I love works of art that portray a place that I have been or know.It is nice to see something you are familiar with from another(prenominal) persons perspective. For instance, Harrisburg Holiday, another great work of art by Robert A Tino. It is a painting of a covered bridge that I am very familiar with, but he has painted it as he saw it in 1975. It is a beautiful winter scene. He paints the roads covered with snow and an old red Chevy truck hauling a Christmas tree. The scene has two snowmen at the entrance to the covered bridge. It fills your heart with warmth andholiday spirit just to reckon at it. Portraits to me are art in a different sense. Some of my favorite portraits are by Martin Waugh. It is what he calls Liquid Sculpture. He uses high bucket along photography to watch angle of dips of liquid as the splash into lakes and other bodies of water. To me there is just something so soothing about his work. It is amazing how a tiny drop of liquid can create such a beautiful work of art. His work impresses me, because I never really thought of liquid as art before I saw one of his photos.The formal qualities of art work are somewhat important. I like paintings that flow smoothly with very graceful brush strokes. I think some of the most beautiful art work is produced with a combination of canvas and oil paints. I like portraits that capture images I normally could not see otherwise. Portraits that capture the colors you can see when light reflects on a ripple of water amaze me. I do not know a great deal about art, but art seems to be much more opinion than fact.

Enders Game Essay Example for Free

Enders Game EssayI selected this news because I was thinking that it would keep me entertained and make it so that I will not fall asleep. This was one of those binds that it did not matter about what happened before it you can safe start reading it from the start, so before the book began I have now idea what happened I just started to read the book and I wishd it. When the book begins it starts out with ender and his chum and sister and his brother is mean and is always threatening his younger brother ender and his younger sister. In this story it is the narrator that is telling it. The setting was important because it was at Enders house at first and his older brother, bulling hem, which make ender stronger and made it so that he would look out for himself. In the beginning the author held my interest because the government shipped ender off to armed forces school at age three.Journal Entry 2Ender gos to military school and he gets bullied from the start and makes a name for himself justly at the beginning by braking some kids arm, so after that every one starts to put together gangs and start having gang wars in the battle cortege and in the cafeteria. There where lots of twist in this story like ender would always when the war games and he was the commander of armys and he was just smarter than the older boys. It was pretty light-colored to fallow the plot if I didnt zone out but if I did zone out than it was pretty easy to know what was happening because the story would repeat its self. The language in the book was really easy to understand there was a lot of a made up words but it was all right. The mane thing emerges in the book when it comes to the battle games and ender is better then everyone else.Journal entry 3The advent of the story was when ender meet bean, ender was hard on bean just like how the government was hard on ender and that made bean a lot stronger. notwithstanding ender and bean come together and they start to when all of these battles together. There are lots of lessons I learned about this book, I learned that life isnt always easy and the hard things in life make you stronger. If someone talked to me about this book I would tell him or her it was a good book and I would recommend it to them because there was a lot of action in it. But the book did not meet my expectations because I do not like it when three year olds are talking like they are 25 years old I think that was a little over blase and when the three year olds are going to military school that was dome I think that he should have made them 18 because that is more realistic.

Art History Essay Example for Free

Art History EssayThis paper will attempt to give a descriptive analysis and comparison of devil chivalric sculptures viewed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The first sculpture entitled, Virgin and kidskin attributed to Claus de Werve, a Netherlandish sculptor by Pierre Quarre a curator and chief of Musees de Djon and a in the croak authority on Burgundian sculpture. Claus de Werve was commissioned by the Duke and Duchess of the town of Poligny to create this statue for the convent which was headed by a Francisean nun named Colette between 1415-1417. The statue which is made of painted limestone is believed to be a largess that was commissioned for the convent. The second sculpture is entitled, set about and Child Mali which was created in Mali by the Bomana peoples. The statue of Virgin and Child is a religious humane figure of the Virgin yield bloody shame and Jesus as a young boy which is associated with the Catholic Church and Christianity. This sculpture illustrate s a catch and son involved in a tender moment. The statue is big in size and its dimensions ar 53 x 42 x 28 inches and sits in the center of the Medieval Art unwrap in room 304 of the museum.The Virgin Mary in this sculpture appears real large in size as comp atomic number 18d to the baby. Her curly brown hair is positioned abide away from her vista, which is recollective and cascades down the sides of her face on to her shoulders. The skin of this sculpture resembles those associated with Caucasians with lissome lips and long pointed noses. Her complexion or skin color I cannot tell because it is featured in a very dark room of the museum. On top of her head there appears to be a feign or hood like garment that comes up to the middle of her head.She is wearing a long free flowing gown or dress underneath the cloak spot she is sitting on a bench or piece of wood like structure. The child in this sculptured cheat has short curly brown hair and is wearing loose fitted tex tileing from that time period fleck sitting on the lap of the Virgin Mary. He appears comfortable as he sits in an angular position backwards gazing up into her face. As he sits on the lap of the Virgin Mother he gazes up into her face so matter of factly while he talks with her about the discoveries found in this book c everyed the bible.The child appears to be pointing specifically to an important scripture or words of wisdom to emphasize perhaps to his mother the importance of learning this knowledge from the bible. The childs actions and facial expressions appear to illustrate that he is the instructor and she is the student getting lessons on Christianity. Upon looking at the childs posture the viewers can immediately assume that this child possesses a particular(a) quality or trait not found in other children. The facial expressions displayed on both mother and child signals a special crotchety moment that can only be sh atomic number 18d between the two.The loving manner in which she firmly and carefully cradles her son with her left arm while holding the bible with her right lets viewers know that she wants to keep him safe from harm and prevent him from falling to the ground. At the same time her posture appears royal and straight as she looks down adoringly at her son with head slightly bowed while quietly and intensely listens to her son. On her face is a small smile that evokes pride for being selected as the chosen one to give birth to this special gift.The facial expressions of the Virgin Mary face appears to hop out encouraging signals to continue practicing his teachings so that she can perhaps help spread words of wisdom to others.. The second sculpture that will be discussed is entitled Mother and Child Mali, which was created and mould out of wood by peoples living in Western Africa, called Bamana peoples. These individuals have artistic traditions in pottery, sculpture and beautiful cloths that are very distinct and connected to thei r cultural history that dates back to the 17th century.This group is located in the Bougouni or Diola area of Mali, which is located in western Africa. The Bamana individuals are part of the Mande culture and reside in the village of Bougouni. These individuals are taught while growing up to follow strict cultural practices regarding life experiences, such as hard go bad, responsibilities and taking care of a family. All members of this parliamentary procedure have a specific purpose and it is up to all individuals who reside within this society to fulfill that purpose.One of the cultural practices of the Bamana peoples is to have large extended families. These extended families can grow as large as 100 to 1000 members. This may lead others to believe that most individuals within the Bamana society work together towards one common goal and the well being of all individuals regardless of ancestry ties. . Even though the Bamana society is mostly controlled by males, females or mot hers are regarded highly and respected as individuals responsible for bringing forth life in their society.This respect is illustrated in the wooded sculptured entitled, Mother and Child Mali. This figure was carved from wood by the elders of the Bamana village and symbolizes a mother or matriarchal figure that appears to act as a protector over her young child. The dark brown wooden sculpture is featured in the African and oceanic section at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The sculpture is very tall and is approximately 49 inches tall. The material of this sculpture consists of dark brown wood that was just recently cleared by the museum according to one of the security guards there.At first glance when I approached this sculpture it reminded me of some sort of totem pole, because some of the organic structure features are exaggerated on this sculpture. The torso and arms on the Mother and Child sculpture appear exaggerated and longer than most human figures. The female in this sculptured illustration appears to be seated on a throne like chair protecting her young. The female figure does not have on a top and her breasts are carved like two long triangles. On the females lower body a short cloth covers her hips as she sits on a bench cradling a small child.On the mothers right arm is an upper arm bracelet or rings and on her left arm there appears to be a sheath with a long knife concealed inside. On her head is a hat which is alike cone shaped and inserted into the hat there appears to be sharp like objects sticking out. Along the sides of her head coming down from the hat are two thick braids that rest on her shoulders. The facial features portrayed on this sculpture feature big almond shaped eyes with a long thin nose and lips, which is consistent with the features found on the Bomana peoples living in that region or area.The facial expressions of the woman featured in this sculpture appear to be smiling as the figure looks out from above. Her postu re as she sits on her throne like wooden structure is very straight and upright. The infant in this sculpture appears to be clutching or clasping at the mothers body for a secure place to hold onto. The infant featured is completely nude and his face against his mothers torso as the legs straddles around the waist of the mother. A cloth like fabric appears to be at the waist of the mother separating the lower body proportions from touching.The mother sculpture is featured without every feet only legs and I do not know if the object was purposely created in that manner or if this art work was damaged and the feet destroyed. The similarities discovered in both sculptures depict the mother and child as aloving caring protectorate of the young. In both of these sculptures the mother is cradling the child in her arms on her lap while sitting down on a throne like structure. The child or son created in both works of art appears to be seated on their mothers lap. addition the mothers si ze featured in both works are proportioned larger to the child displayed. others featured in both works of art portray the mother figure as a very large and omnipotent being in proportion to the child. Both appear to be seated on a throne like structure while holding or cradling a child in their arms. Both sculptures have a deeply rooted spiritual religious connection in their society. The Virgin and Child is a symbol of hope for all who live and believe in Christianity. The young child Jesus is known to all to be the one sent by god to save the peoples of the world from hell. While the mother and Child of Mali sculpture is as well viewed and symbolizes the strength and power that a mother possesses.This art work also is connected to the Bamana society as a religious symbol of hope for the future, because without women in society there would be not be a future. These sculptures also evoke a sense of peace and serenity to individuals when viewing them. The difference viewed in bot h is that Mother and Child was constructed out of limestone polychromy and gilding, and the Virgin and Child Mali was constructed from carved wood. The Virgin and Child sculpture appears to have life like features while the Mother and Child sculpture physical features appear to have been exaggerated with the long torso and large hands.One was created in France and the other in Mali Africa. One artist was used or named on the sculpture depicting the Virgin Mary while a group of Bamana elders are credited with the Mother and Child sculpture. The female body figures is completely covered in cloth. solitary(prenominal) her hands, face and neck can be viewed, the child she is holding is also covered from head to toe in a loosely fitted garment, which may lead one to believe that the society in which these individuals resided are very conservative.The Mother and Child Mali sculpture depicts individuals in a very primitive and natural manner. A society that does not place limits and is no t afraid to display the beauty of human anatomy for all to see. The female in the sculpture has hardly any clothes covering her body and the infant is completely naked the physical features on the virgin Child sculpture although created thousands of centuries ago can still be viewed clearly. While the Mother and Child Mali physical features of the figures appear to be weathering with time.This artwork in addition is only 500 years old. To conclude both sculptures hypothesise the ancient cultures by which they were made and focus on the importance of life in their societies during their respective time periods. They were selected because I enjoy observing art work that connects to my culture and history. It is very interesting to look through the eyes of the artist and view their interpretation of how the physical appearances of individuals during the biblical era were portrayed.I am a Roman Catholic and I was completely drawn to the sculpture at the museum, because it sort of remin ded me of the statues in my church it immediately had this calm down effect on me while I stood there staring at the piece attempting to sketch it for this assignment. As mentioned earlier in the paper I really thought the Virgin and Child Mali was a totem pole because of its size and big wide eyes and head. However, after realizing that this sculpture stood as a symbol of motherhood in Africa I began to hold dear for bringing importance to all mothers in that society and around the world.Unlike the Virgin and Child sculpture it did not bring about a calming effect it kind of emitted power and strength. You got the sense that this mother would attack you in a minute if you attempted to bring harm to her child. All in all my experience at the Metropolitan Museum of Art was very pleasurable and in the future I plan to visit it again to look for other sculptures that I can connect with in the future. Through the eyes of other artist you can visualize history and the life of individua ls who lived in the past.

Ethical Issues in Cloning

honorable Issues in CloningThesis StatementAlthough copy has been successful to a reliable extent, in that respect fork over as well as been a high percentage of ill lucks which has raised nearly(a) good issues.PrefaceI was in a dilemma whether to choose teen pregnancy or re- defecate. When I did some research for these 2 topics, I realized cl 1 has been around for decades and I thought it was altogether kind of recent. My misunderstanding led me to further research on the topic. However, I was in any case researching on teen pregnancy as it is quite divisorral these days. There be cases of teen pregnancy in the spick-and-span-fangledspapers. It is shocking to see cases with great(predicate) girls as young as nine-years old.There argon compassionate copy and fauna copy. close to pets be also bell ringerd. It is quite surprising that mountain would motivation to clone their pets as it is very costly. Human re- relieve oneself has ca employ a debate. Certain religions such as mastertestants, Catholics, Buddhism and Islam phone that clone a world is like organism God. They do not think it is right. Also, there atomic consider 18 galore(postnominal) finds involved. On the contrary, there atomic number 18 some who thinks that it is slews proclaim decision. It is like your freedom rights. You whoremaster make the decision. after(prenominal) more deliberation, I decided copy is much more engrossing. I am sure not m each an(prenominal) raft kat once a draw play ab by re-create. Teen pregnancy is a green topic, one that you book heard many a(prenominal) times. Therefore, ultimately, I chose the topic re-create.IntroductionCloning describes the actes used to create an exact inheritable replica of another(prenominal) mobile phone, meander or reed organism. The copied material, which has the aforesaid(prenominal) contractable makeup as the veritable, is referred to as a clone. There ar three contrastive figures of copy Gene cloning, Reproductive cloning and Therapeutic cloning.Gene cloning creates copies of genes or segments of desoxyribonucleic acid. It tail end identify genetic ab ordinaryities. Reproductive cloning creates copies of unanimous animals. Therapeutic cloning creates embryonic subject booths. It is for health check use. seekers expect to use these electric cells to grow healthy interweave to replace injured or diseased tissues in the tender-hearted physiological structure. (National Human Genome Research Institute viewed 31 July 2010) The purpose of reproductive cloning is for research. It uses a method c exclusivelyed Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). It depose repopulate en risk of exposureed species or make breeding of genuine animals less difficult and sack evolve creatures with particular traits, such as genetic anyy special animals. (Therapeutic cloning vs. reproductive cloning, viewed 31 wonderful 2010)In 1996, scientists at the Roslin Institute i n Scotland have successfully cloned a sheep, named Dolly. However, Dolly was produced just now after 276 attempts. The success crop ranges from 0.1 percent to 3 percent, which agent that for every(prenominal) guanine tries, still 1 to 30 clones argon made. (What argon the risks of cloning, viewed 7 disdainful 2010)Cloning has its disadvantages and advantages. Some advantages are solution to infertility provide servements for variety of diseases and genetic modification. Some disadvantages are the question of science engineering, the great diseases and leading to extinction. There are also honorable issues such as unnatural acts, changing the revolution of parliamentary law and risks of guy and exploitations.Although cloning has been successful to a certain extent, there have also been a high percentage of failures which has raised some honorable issues.1. Advantages of cloning1.0 Provide organs for transplantationIf it is possible to clone the essential organs or body parts of the gay body, thence they whitethorn be able to operate as support sy prows. The cloned body parts bath act as human beings keep surrenderr. For example, when a kidney or any other organ fail to act properly, it whitethorn be possible to use the newly cloned organ and see out the spoiled organ. Cloning can make new organs required for organ transplants. It offers hope to tidy sum sine qua noning organ transplants since raft requiring them often have to add care for years for an appropriate donor. There are many cases whereby patients die postponement be piss of the numerous pot requiring organs. (Human cloning viewed 31 July 2010)Also, patients with an imbed organ mustiness stop loads of medicine that can cause location effects everyday as long as they live. This is to reassure that their body does not reject the implanted organ. These side effects can decrease their bearing quality. Anyone can clone his or her bear organs. The cloned organ would be produ ced from the body cell of the mortal who needfully the transplant. This lead reduce the high risk of the body rejecting the cloned organ since it has the same genetic code. This imparting be harmless and directly suffice the patients. Cloning can get justify of this problem by creating more animals who can be suitable donors. There are successful cases of pig livers being transplanted to humans as a temporary measure while waiting for a human liver. In addition, a burn victim can be facilitateed by development fell using his or her own skin cells and cloning them. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 idealistic 2010)1.1 Solution to infertilityApproximately 15% of Americans are infertile. Most of the time, doctors are unable to help them. Federal statistics reveal that in-vitro grooming and other think technologies have a success rate of less than 20%. These technologies cannot help many couples. Couples are having a hard time difficult to have sisterren and they must go through p ainful procedures. In addition, they are also expensive and take up a lot of time. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 noble-minded 2010)Due to the ethical issues of cloning, some states have prohibited human cloning. However, couples struggling to have clawren are now beginning to mull over the promises that cloning presents. The flow infertility litigatements are not improving as many people think that infertility is not a medical problem. Thus, cloning can be the answer to infertility. Doctors can implant the cloned embryos into the bodies of infertile women. Hence, these women can have their own babies and it can remove the affable and physical pains of many infertile couples. (The advantages of cloning viewed 31 July 2010)1.2 Increasing populations of en risk of infectioned speciesCloning can help to increase the populations of species who are in danger of extinction. It whitethorn be even possible to bowl over the extinctions that by now would have occurred. Even though conservat ionists worldwide are doing their best already, there are remedy some species that are near to extinction. To save the scarce species, conservations have used captive elongation programs. There is a need for further propagation programs due to limitations such as constrained physical space for animals, problems with animal husbandry, and common reproductive failure of the animals. (CLONING Bringing Back Endangered Species viewed 7 high-flown 2010)A majority of ethicists who disagree strongly with human cloning spots no trouble in using this method to save endangered species. Since 1973, the bucardo was listed as an endangered species. However, officials were unable to stop the poaching and the join destruction of their habitats that finally led to the bucardos extinction. In another case, there are a hardly a(prenominal) remain Chinese panda which willing well-nigh believably be cloned. (CLONING Bringing Back Endangered Species viewed 7 high-flown 2010)1.3 Genetic engineer ingIt is achievable to produce a particular characteristic in humans. Parents have the chance to select the traits that they want present in their child. For example, they want their child to be as suffer as Albert Einstein. This makes it possible to produce people with certain merits, particular pleasing individualality, thus humans become a man-made being. Some scientists call back that cloning is good as humans can be in charge of their evolvement so the world can produce more artists, athletes and scientists. Cloning can engender back peoples dead ancestors to life. For example, if you want to produce your great-grandmother, you barely need to preserve some samples of her body cells. It is that simple. (Human cloning viewed 31 July 2010)1.4 Provide treatments for different diseasesCloning of stem cells can provide treatments for different diseases. With the proper prompts, stem cells are able to wobble into other cell eccentrics. Hence, it is possible for doctors to repla ce the tissues and injured organs to furbish up healthy function. Therapeutic applications of stem cells potentially could treat illnesses including Parkinsons disease, diabetes, Alzheimers disease, stroke, heart attack, multiple sclerosis, blood, bone and bone marrow ailments, severe burns by providing skin grafts, spinal cord injuries, and cancer patients who have lost cells and tissue to radiation and chemotherapy. (The advantages of cloning 31 July 2010) Cloning can cure terminal diseases. Patients may be cured if doctors try to develop a helpful gene therapy.1.5 Research purposesScientists are able to take modified organisms and utilize them for the health benefits of society. Duplicating animals by cloning can be used for research purposes. This can help researchers in genetics as they may understand more on the arrangement of genes and the effects of communicable constituents on human characteristics. They can simplify their break down of genes since they can change th e genetic components in the human being who is cloned. (http//www.buzzle.com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-cloning.html)It is crucial to research on cloning so that well-matched tissues and organs can be created for the patients who are being treated with stem cell therapy. basis cells must be obtained from embryos created by a patients own cells. This will not allow any rejection problems link up to organ and tissue transplants. This would require research cloning. If research cloning is restricted, therapies helpful to millions of people could be delayed. Delays cannot be allowed in the progress of techniques that could save many lives or put a stop to suffering. It is intolerable to restrict and form of medical research in a free society. People have their rights to practice any scientific investigation, especially medical investigation. Our lives have already been enhanced immeasurably by medical technology. Therefore, we ought to view as continuous improvement. (Research Cloning Arguments Pro and Con viewed 10 August 2010)1.6 The healthiness of infantsCloning can abolish the worries concerning the health of a child. Scientists can modify the genes to guarantee a healthy child. For example, if a mother has wedded birth to a child who suffers from Downs syndrome. Doctors will be able to control and balance out the number of chromosomes in the embryo so that the child may be normal and healthy. (The advantages of cloning viewed 31 July 2010) This will ensure that the child will grow up with no disorders and will be a normal child.1.7 Improving food supplyIn the agricultural business, people can improve the quality and mensuration of beef by simply cloning the work animals with desired characteristics. Diseases like foot and mouth disease could be eliminated. Cloning can also trim dos that are tougher and more resilient to diseases. Therefore, cloning may successfully resolve the worlds food problem and lessen or if possible, eliminate starvation. (The ad vantages and disadvantages of cloning, viewed 7 August 2010)1.8 resign the aging processCloning can eradicate the effects of aging and our aging process. The anti-aging market is already a multibillion industry. Every cloned body cell is a brand new cell. It is the precise replica of an alive cell. However, the difference is it is not as old as the model. A person could make his body jr. by cloning his body cells and implanting these cells into his body when he is older. This method can allow humans to live up to any age they want. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)1.9 Cosmetic surgeryCloning can help improve reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. Even until now, cosmetic surgery may be dangerous as the used equipments are unknown to the body. For example, silicone titmouse implants can cause immune disease. Doctors have the skill to construct bone, fat and connective tissue that can precisely match the patients tissues. Therefore, if a person wants to change his or her appea rance, there would be no risks involved. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)2. Disadvantages of cloning2.0 Loosing the variety of genesHuman beings need DNA variety for survivability in incoming specially if there are unpredictable things. Cloning can drastically hinder that. This is because matching genes are created by cloning and it is procedure of duplicating the entire genetic constitution. public will be so alike in human cloning. They will have the same type of genes. The genetic characteristics of its ancestor will be passed on to the next human clone. This will include genetic abnormalities and diseases. (Pros and cons of cloning, viewed 31 July 2010) For example, some think that Dolly the sheep had signs of premature aging, precisely her developers confidently denied it.There is a risk of the whole population getting infected by the homogeneous kind of pathogen. Everyone cannot have the same type of genes and be close to one another otherwise they might not be able to protect themselves against the similar type of severe disease. People cannot visualize or guess when viruses or other mischievous agents grow. So, the cloned species will not know how to respond to it. It will be a huge disaster if everyone gets affected. For example, all the rice in the world is cloned. Gradually, only one type of rice is produced only if with more nutrition. Soon, the other types of rice are not produced anymore and its DNA variants cease to exist. Later in the future, the rice crop is hit by a disease and is totally wiped out. The world will be lack of rice. (What are the pros and cons of cloning? viewed 31 July 2010)2.1 InbreedingParents have special sets of genes and this leads to the diversity of genes. Cloning can cause inbreeding as human cloning copy the matching genes. The diversity of genes will lessen. So everyone will have similar genotype and keep on procreating among themselves. Finally, it leads us to our own extinction. The differences t hat we see in people are the splendor of humans and cloning will get rid of surprises since all look alike.(Disadvantages of cloning, viewed 31 July 2010)2.2 Risk of abuseIf man is allowed to meddle with genetics in humans, then cloning can increase the probability of intentional imitation of unattractive characteristics in humans if it is so preferred. This may cause open up likelihood of abuse in medical fraternity. Scientists might misuse the technology. If a couple is not happy with their clone, what is the next step they might choose? Some people articulate that clones can be grown in a farm-like approach just for harvesting organs or stem cells. We must not ignore the fit of devaluing human life for life is precious. (The advantages and disadvantages of cloning, viewed 7 August 2010)2.3 The uncertainty of science and technologyScience and technology cannot provide solutions for every problem. Not even the scientists can promise that they can solve everything. Behind every problem, there are clearly several possible crises. Naturally, these doubts are not practical to bring to a standstill all the developments of science and technology. There is no guarantee that if the human clone survives, it will develop normally. (Disadvantages of cloning, viewed 31 July 2010)The incident of trying to clone new mammals indicates that just about of the human clones would have genetically related diseases. If there was creation of embryos, majority of them would have critical malformation, several of which only will be transparent late in pregnancy. Testing for genetic deformity would eradicate a percentage of such deformities, but only at the expense of getting rid of the un born(p) baby itself. Out of the many babies born alive, many will have disabilities being inflicted on them negligently due to the methods used to create them. (Cloning and Stem Cell Research, viewed 10 August 2010)2.4 The element of uncertaintyDolly, the cloned sheep, was regarded as an ach ievement story. However, before Dolly was cloned, there were actually many embryos which were destroyed. The cloning process began with 277 eggs, of which only Dolly is the successful result. The field of cloning still needs to improve a lot apart from the success in other areas. For example, for infertile couples, if in-vitro impregnation failed, they may go through the similar distress. (The advantages and disadvantages of cloning, viewed 7 August 2010)2.5 Potential costsAt the moment, reproducing animals by other ways are much cheaper than to clone. Although the failure rate of cloning is expected to reduce, it still mud high if cloning is taken on a wider scale in addition to the cost. There will be many disabled babies and many pregnant women who have suffered a lot to make cloning rock-steady. Some people may be loath to eat the cloned meat. Hence, the value of the cloned animals will decrease. (What are the pros and cons of cloning? viewed 31July 2010)2.6 Research cloningS everal studies have proposed that research cloning would not be an essential or attractive method to overwhelm immune rejection. create stem cells are shown to be less expected to encourage rejection following transplantation than other cell types. If this is verified to be true, beneficial tissues can be developed from obtainable embryonic stem cell lines rather than from the cell lines modified for an individual patient. another(prenominal) current investigation suggests that by reprogramming a few of the patients individual cells, it may ultimately accomplish identical results. (Research Cloning Arguments Pro and Con, viewed 10 August 2010)Research cloning would be very expensive if it is used in the routine medical measures. It would be very labor demanding and costly to create the cloned embryos. Womens health supporters are apprehensive about the healthiness and social judge implications of creating a human eggs market where most of the donors are probably poor women. (Resea rch Cloning Arguments Pro and Con, viewed 10 August 2010)2.7 Health risksIt is not only the child who would be mistreated in such untried reproduction but also those women who want to gestate a cloned child. The women would be in danger of trauma of an extremely high rate of miscarriage, the shock of being offered abortion when unplayful deformities were found in the uterus, and the wellbeing risks of a hard and unusual pregnancy. It would be reckless of the scientists to inflict such risks on any human no matter what the motives of the women who decided to take part. (Cloning and Stem Cell Research, viewed 10 August 2010)2.8 A type of parental controlThe cloned child would have no genetic parents. The child would be a replica of some live person, perhaps someone who had only just died. Even though the clone has survived and is in good shape, he will most likely live in the shadow of the original person, under pressure to be alike that person he was created to be similar to. The ch ildrens interest in establishing their own identity is compromised. The childs freedom is subjected unfairly to the parents wishes. This makes cloning a type of extreme parental control because the child is created as a replica of a person selected by the parents. (Cloning and Stem Cell Research, viewed 10 August 2010)3. Ethical issues of cloning3.01 Closed futureSome people believe that cloning will cause children to not have an open future as they will become exactly like the person they are a clone of. They may also be exactly the opposite of the person they are a clone of. Religious organizations think that cloning gives humans a lot of bureau and that cloning does not care about the the true that every human has matchless soul. (Cloning, viewed 11 August 2010)3.02 Unnatural wayA lot of people think that cloning is unnatural as cloning needs a considerably bigger level of participation and meddling with animals reproductive performance than tralatitious production methods. So me religious groups, such as Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist faiths, do not accept animal cloning. They view cloning and genetic modification as equivalent to playing God. Many others perceive this as an infringement of the distinctiveness of a human life, which each of us and no one else have received from God. (Cloning information, cloning ethics) Can we play God? Some think that we should just let things be the way they are as that is the way they are meant to be and we should not try to change that as it is natures creation. Others think that the world can be free of cancers and tumors and perhaps save lives too. Others believe in restricting the means of unique types of cloning using harmless ways. (Understanding the issues of cloning, viewed 31 July 2010)3.03 Risk of abusePeople fear that someone would form armies of military or even create huge amounts of human resources. This would result in clones being treated as the lower class people or the sec ond class people and whippy individualities. Human cloning can bring serious jeopardy of abuses to human self-esteem and misuse by corrupt people. (Cloning information, cloning ethics, viewed 31 July 2010)3.04 Morally terms to kill or extend lifeAlthough remedy cloning presents the possibility for caring for humans who are suffering from ailment or wounds, the procedure of victorious out stem cells is the same as cleaning the human being as it will involve the annihilation of embryos. Religious and morally traditionally people think that is morally wrong(p) to take the life of one person just to save or extend another persons life. However, other people believe that embryos do not need any ethical thoughts as it is just a cluster of cells that holds the DNA when is cloned, and are similar to the millions of skin cells that we discard daily. At that stage, the embryonic cells should not be thought of as the same as humans as the brain, feelings, inner organs, body and so on are not present. They believe that only when the brain grows and becomes sensible of itself then it has attained human personhood. (Rita Putatunda)3.05 Not the exact same animalEvery creature that is shaped by life experience is more than an incarnation of his DNA. The cloned animal would look identical and bring pet lovers happy memories but it is not the same animal that they are looking at. Only the DNA is the same. (Wayne Pacelle)3.06 Genetic disordersIf a particular animal is cloned several times and it has a virus, then its clones would bear the identical virus and this may cause a food shortage. It is likely that genetic disorders will occur. If a section of DNA is taken from a person to be duplicated, that person may be bearing a code for some kind of ailment which the symptoms of it would not show till later in that persons life. Thus, that same code would be duplicated to make another person carry the same ailment. (Understanding the issues of cloning, viewed 31 July 2010)3. 07 Pollute the diversityReproducing traits that parents want would pollute the diversity of the world. If people can decide what traits their child should have, majority would choose the traits of well-known people who are very clever or gorgeous. Cloning can cause designer babies as the fertilized egg cell can be made better with excess genes for particular traits. The cloned people would be so alike in characteristics and their thinking that the world would be a very dull place if this were the case. (Understanding the issues of cloning) Moreover, the egg cell can be checked for genetic diseases. If the disease does not exist, it can be placed in the womans womb, or else it will be destroyed. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)3.08 Unknown identity of the childThere are some who think that cloning is not safe for delivery of the baby. They are of the opinion that babies should not be created by unnatural ways and should have a variety of genes different from his parents. For t he cloning purposes, the egg is obtained from a different woman sperm is obtained from a different man who is not the father of the baby and is inseminated in the laboratory. The fertilized embryo is then placed in another mother who is not the one whom the egg was obtained. It will be unsure who the biological parents of the child are when the child is born. The childs identity will continue to be a mystery. (Ethical issues related to human and animal cloning, viewed 1 July 2010)3.09 Clash with religious principlesThere is a possibility that reproductive cloning may create a human that is genetically matching to a person who was formerly alive or who now currently is live. This might clash with ancient religious and common principles on self-respect, perhaps violating the main beliefs of individual liberty, laissez faire and sovereignty. However, some people disagree with that. They believe that infertile couples can achieve their vision of parenthood by reproductive cloning. Othe r people think human cloning is a method to steer clear of a destructive gene that is hereditary in the family without having to go through embryo testing. (What are some of the ethical issues related to cloning, viewed 3 August 2010)3.10 Worsen the wellbeing of animalsCloning may cause people to treat animals like an object. People may treat these living emotional beings as plain machinery for human creation. Also, communities are becoming more and more conscious of the handling of farm animals. A lot of people are worried for cloning worsens the wellbeing of animals as the animals are likely to bear hurting infections of udder, lameness and also production related diseases. (Ethics, viewed 3 August 2010)3.11 Different personalitiesCloning cannot make sure that the genetically similar humans will have the similar individual thinking or goals as the model. For instance, it is not certain that the baby whose embryo was made better with genes for musical genius will become a well-kn own pianist one day. Even if the child has a musical flair, it is for him to decide whether he will use them or not. If the child has no interest in going for piano lessons, then the talent will remain undiscovered. It is the same problem when one tries to replace the one he loves. Impractical hope on how the personality will be may cause disappointments. Obviously the outer appearance of the clone will be closely identical but the character may be poles apart. The clone cannot be a replacement for another person. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)3.12 Two classes of peopleThere will be two classes of humans if most of the people are cloned, the one whos gene is enhanced and the one who is produced naturally. The one whose gene is enhanced will definitely have many advantages in life as they were devoted particular flairs. They will be rich as only the rich ones will have abundant money to improve their child with particular genes. They also have a higher chance of obtaining better jobs than other people due to their particular talents so they will be even wealthier. Affluent people always have loads of power. Sooner or later, the well-off gene-enhanced people may be the most influential ones. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)Conclusion attached the advanced technology and the success of the cloned sheep, Dolly, more scientists will be trying their best to improve the process of cloning. As seen from the information above, cloning is still not an advanced technology. There are a lot of risks involved that concern the health of the humans and the clones.I feel that it is unfair for us to intervene in choosing the special talents for our children. We should be happy with what we have and our own talents. It is unfair to other people if we enhance our own genes. Cloning costs a lot and only those wealthy people can afford it. What about those less wealthy people? This may cause an even bigger inequality in our society which we would want to avoid. Al so, it is unnatural. Although cloning can make us immortal, in the long run, it will cause overpopulation in the world.There are both sides to cloning which we must consider very seriously before we legalize or ban it. It is an issue which must be handled carefully. Cloning can bring the world benefits but can also destroy us. Both sides of the arguments seem very convincing. Everyone will have different opinions to cloning based on their religious values or their own principles. It is difficult to say whether cloning is ethically right or wrong. If the government decides to legalize it, there will definitely be some people who will protest against it and vice versa.The government must ensure that cloning is not used for the wrong and unethical purposes. It can be dangerous if the technology of cloning is in the wrong hands. Who knows what hidden motives they have? Human lives are very important. We must not devalue our lives.Ethical Issues in CloningEthical Issues in CloningThesis StatementAlthough cloning has been successful to a certain extent, there have also been a high percentage of failures which has raised some ethical issues.PrefaceI was in a dilemma whether to choose teen pregnancy or cloning. When I did some research for these 2 topics, I realized cloning has been around for decades and I thought it was only quite recent. My misunderstanding led me to further research on the topic. However, I was also researching on teen pregnancy as it is quite common these days. There are cases of teen pregnancy in the newspapers. It is shocking to see cases with pregnant girls as young as nine-years old.There are human cloning and animal cloning. Some pets are also cloned. It is quite surprising that people would want to clone their pets as it is very costly. Human cloning has caused a debate. Certain religions such as Protestants, Catholics, Buddhism and Islam think that cloning a human is like being God. They do not think it is right. Also, there are many risks involved. On the contrary, there are some who thinks that it is peoples own decision. It is like your freedom rights. You can make the decision.After much deliberation, I decided cloning is much more interesting. I am sure not many people know a lot about cloning. Teen pregnancy is a common topic, one that you have heard many times. Therefore, ultimately, I chose the topic cloning.IntroductionCloning describes the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. There are three different types of cloning Gene cloning, Reproductive cloning and Therapeutic cloning.Gene cloning creates copies of genes or segments of DNA. It can identify genetic abnormalities. Reproductive cloning creates copies of whole animals. Therapeutic cloning creates embryonicstem cells. It is for medical use. Researchers hope to use these cells to grow healthy tissue to replac e injured or diseased tissues in the human body. (National Human Genome Research Institute viewed 31 July 2010) The purpose of reproductive cloning is for research. It uses a method called Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). It can repopulate endangered species or make breeding of certain animals less difficult and can produce creatures with particular traits, such as genetically special animals. (Therapeutic cloning vs. reproductive cloning, viewed 31 August 2010)In 1996, scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland have successfully cloned a sheep, named Dolly. However, Dolly was produced only after 276 attempts. The success rate ranges from 0.1 percent to 3 percent, which means that for every 1000 tries, only 1 to 30 clones are made. (What are the risks of cloning, viewed 7 August 2010)Cloning has its disadvantages and advantages. Some advantages are solution to infertility provide treatments for variety of diseases and genetic modification. Some disadvantages are the uncerta inty of science technology, the great diseases and leading to extinction. There are also ethical issues such as unnatural acts, changing the diversity of society and risks of abuse and exploitations.Although cloning has been successful to a certain extent, there have also been a high percentage of failures which has raised some ethical issues.1. Advantages of cloning1.0 Provide organs for transplantationIf it is possible to clone the essential organs or body parts of the human body, then they may be able to operate as support systems. The cloned body parts can act as human beings lifesaver. For example, when a kidney or any other organ fail to act properly, it may be possible to use the newly cloned organ and take out the spoiled organ. Cloning can make new organs required for organ transplants. It offers hope to people needing organ transplants since people requiring them often have to wait for years for an appropriate donor. There are many cases whereby patients die waiting becaus e of the numerous people requiring organs. (Human cloning viewed 31 July 2010)Also, patients with an implanted organ must take loads of medicine that can cause side effects everyday as long as they live. This is to guarantee that their body does not reject the implanted organ. These side effects can decrease their life quality. Anyone can clone his or her own organs. The cloned organ would be produced from the body cell of the person who needs the transplant. This will reduce the high risk of the body rejecting the cloned organ since it has the same genetic code. This will be harmless and directly help the patients. Cloning can get rid of this problem by creating more animals who can be suitable donors. There are successful cases of pig livers being transplanted to humans as a temporary measure while waiting for a human liver. In addition, a burn victim can be helped by growing skin using his or her own skin cells and cloning them. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)1.1 Solution to infertilityApproximately 15% of Americans are infertile. Most of the time, doctors are unable to help them. Federal statistics reveal that in-vitro fertilization and other related technologies have a success rate of less than 20%. These technologies cannot help many couples. Couples are having a hard time trying to have children and they must go through painful procedures. In addition, they are also expensive and take up a lot of time. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)Due to the ethical issues of cloning, some states have prohibited human cloning. However, couples struggling to have children are now beginning to mull over the promises that cloning presents. The current infertility treatments are not improving as many people think that infertility is not a medical problem. Thus, cloning can be the answer to infertility. Doctors can implant the cloned embryos into the bodies of infertile women. Hence, these women can have their own babies and it can remove the mental and phy sical pains of many infertile couples. (The advantages of cloning viewed 31 July 2010)1.2 Increasing populations of endangered speciesCloning can help to increase the populations of species who are in danger of extinction. It may be even possible to reverse the extinctions that by now would have occurred. Even though conservationists worldwide are doing their best already, there are still some species that are near to extinction. To save the scarce species, conservations have used captive propagation programs. There is a need for further propagation programs due to limitations such as constrained physical space for animals, problems with animal husbandry, and common reproductive failure of the animals. (CLONING Bringing Back Endangered Species viewed 7 August 2010)A majority of ethicists who disagree strongly with human cloning spots no trouble in using this method to save endangered species. Since 1973, the bucardo was listed as an endangered species. However, officials were unable to stop the poaching and the total destruction of their habitats that finally led to the bucardos extinction. In another case, there are a few remaining Chinese panda which will most probably be cloned. (CLONING Bringing Back Endangered Species viewed 7 August 2010)1.3 Genetic engineeringIt is achievable to produce a particular characteristic in humans. Parents have the chance to select the traits that they want present in their child. For example, they want their child to be as smart as Albert Einstein. This makes it possible to produce people with certain merits, particular pleasing personality, thus humans become a man-made being. Some scientists believe that cloning is good as humans can be in charge of their evolvement so the world can produce more artists, athletes and scientists. Cloning can bring back peoples dead ancestors to life. For example, if you want to produce your great-grandmother, you only need to preserve some samples of her body cells. It is that simple. (Human cloning viewed 31 July 2010)1.4 Provide treatments for different diseasesCloning of stem cells can provide treatments for different diseases. With the proper prompts, stem cells are able to change into other cell types. Hence, it is possible for doctors to replace the tissues and injured organs to reinstate healthy function. Therapeutic applications of stem cells potentially could treat illnesses including Parkinsons disease, diabetes, Alzheimers disease, stroke, heart attack, multiple sclerosis, blood, bone and bone marrow ailments, severe burns by providing skin grafts, spinal cord injuries, and cancer patients who have lost cells and tissue to radiation and chemotherapy. (The advantages of cloning 31 July 2010) Cloning can cure terminal diseases. Patients may be cured if doctors try to develop a helpful gene therapy.1.5 Research purposesScientists are able to take modified organisms and utilize them for the health benefits of society. Duplicating animals by cloning can be used f or research purposes. This can help researchers in genetics as they may understand more on the arrangement of genes and the effects of hereditary constituents on human characteristics. They can simplify their study of genes since they can change the genetic components in the human being who is cloned. (http//www.buzzle.com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-cloning.html)It is crucial to research on cloning so that well-matched tissues and organs can be created for the patients who are being treated with stem cell therapy. Stem cells must be obtained from embryos created by a patients own cells. This will not allow any rejection problems related to organ and tissue transplants. This would require research cloning. If research cloning is restricted, therapies helpful to millions of people could be delayed. Delays cannot be allowed in the progress of techniques that could save many lives or put a stop to suffering. It is intolerable to restrict and form of medical research in a free society. Pe ople have their rights to practice any scientific investigation, especially medical investigation. Our lives have already been enhanced immeasurably by medical technology. Therefore, we ought to maintain continuous improvement. (Research Cloning Arguments Pro and Con viewed 10 August 2010)1.6 The healthiness of infantsCloning can abolish the worries concerning the health of a child. Scientists can modify the genes to guarantee a healthy child. For example, if a mother has given birth to a child who suffers from Downs syndrome. Doctors will be able to control and balance out the number of chromosomes in the embryo so that the child may be normal and healthy. (The advantages of cloning viewed 31 July 2010) This will ensure that the child will grow up with no disorders and will be a normal child.1.7 Improving food supplyIn the agricultural business, people can improve the quality and quantity of beef by simply cloning the farm animals with desired characteristics. Diseases like foot an d mouth disease could be eliminated. Cloning can also cultivate crops that are tougher and more resilient to diseases. Therefore, cloning may successfully resolve the worlds food problem and lessen or if possible, eliminate starvation. (The advantages and disadvantages of cloning, viewed 7 August 2010)1.8 Reverse the aging processCloning can reverse the effects of aging and our aging process. The anti-aging market is already a multibillion industry. Every cloned body cell is a brand new cell. It is the precise replica of an existing cell. However, the difference is it is not as old as the model. A person could make his body younger by cloning his body cells and implanting these cells into his body when he is older. This method can allow humans to live up to any age they want. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)1.9 Cosmetic surgeryCloning can help improve reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. Even until now, cosmetic surgery may be dangerous as the used equipments are unknown to t he body. For example, silicone breast implants can cause immune disease. Doctors have the skill to construct bone, fat and connective tissue that can precisely match the patients tissues. Therefore, if a person wants to change his or her appearance, there would be no risks involved. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)2. Disadvantages of cloning2.0 Loosing the diversity of genesHuman beings need DNA variety for survivability in future particularly if there are unpredictable things. Cloning can drastically hinder that. This is because matching genes are created by cloning and it is procedure of duplicating the entire genetic constitution. Humans will be so alike in human cloning. They will have the same type of genes. The genetic characteristics of its ancestor will be passed on to the next human clone. This will include genetic abnormalities and diseases. (Pros and cons of cloning, viewed 31 July 2010) For example, some think that Dolly the sheep had signs of premature aging, but her developers confidently denied it.There is a risk of the whole population getting infected by the similar kind of pathogen. Everyone cannot have the same type of genes and be close to one another otherwise they might not be able to protect themselves against the similar type of severe disease. People cannot foresee or guess when viruses or other harmful agents grow. So, the cloned species will not know how to respond to it. It will be a huge disaster if everyone gets affected. For example, all the rice in the world is cloned. Gradually, only one type of rice is produced but with more nutrition. Soon, the other types of rice are not produced anymore and its DNA variants cease to exist. Later in the future, the rice crop is hit by a disease and is totally wiped out. The world will be lack of rice. (What are the pros and cons of cloning? viewed 31 July 2010)2.1 InbreedingParents have special sets of genes and this leads to the diversity of genes. Cloning can cause inbreeding as hum an cloning copy the matching genes. The diversity of genes will lessen. So everyone will have similar genotype and keep on procreating among themselves. Finally, it leads us to our own extinction. The differences that we see in people are the splendor of humanity and cloning will get rid of surprises since all look alike.(Disadvantages of cloning, viewed 31 July 2010)2.2 Risk of abuseIf man is allowed to meddle with genetics in humans, then cloning can increase the probability of intentional reproduction of unattractive characteristics in humans if it is so preferred. This may cause open up likelihood of abuse in medical fraternity. Scientists might misuse the technology. If a couple is not happy with their clone, what is the next step they might choose? Some people say that clones can be grown in a farm-like approach just for harvesting organs or stem cells. We must not ignore the prospect of devaluing human life for life is precious. (The advantages and disadvantages of cloning, v iewed 7 August 2010)2.3 The uncertainty of science and technologyScience and technology cannot provide solutions for every problem. Not even the scientists can promise that they can solve everything. Behind every problem, there are clearly several possible crises. Naturally, these doubts are not practical to bring to a standstill all the developments of science and technology. There is no guarantee that if the human clone survives, it will develop normally. (Disadvantages of cloning, viewed 31 July 2010)The incident of trying to clone new mammals indicates that most of the human clones would have genetically related diseases. If there was creation of embryos, majority of them would have critical deformity, several of which only will be evident late in pregnancy. Testing for genetic deformity would eradicate a percentage of such deformities, but only at the expense of getting rid of the unborn baby itself. Out of the many babies born alive, many will have disabilities being inflicted on them negligently due to the methods used to create them. (Cloning and Stem Cell Research, viewed 10 August 2010)2.4 The element of uncertaintyDolly, the cloned sheep, was regarded as an achievement story. However, before Dolly was cloned, there were actually many embryos which were destroyed. The cloning process began with 277 eggs, of which only Dolly is the successful result. The field of cloning still needs to improve a lot apart from the success in other areas. For example, for infertile couples, if in-vitro fertilization failed, they may go through the similar distress. (The advantages and disadvantages of cloning, viewed 7 August 2010)2.5 Potential costsAt the moment, reproducing animals by other ways are much cheaper than to clone. Although the failure rate of cloning is expected to reduce, it still remains high if cloning is taken on a wider scale in addition to the cost. There will be many disabled babies and many pregnant women who have suffered a lot to make cloning s afe. Some people may be unwilling to eat the cloned meat. Hence, the value of the cloned animals will decrease. (What are the pros and cons of cloning? viewed 31July 2010)2.6 Research cloningSeveral studies have proposed that research cloning would not be an essential or attractive method to overwhelm immune rejection. Developing stem cells are shown to be less expected to encourage rejection following transplantation than other cell types. If this is verified to be true, beneficial tissues can be developed from obtainable embryonic stem cell lines rather than from the cell lines modified for an individual patient. Another current investigation suggests that by reprogramming a few of the patients individual cells, it may ultimately accomplish identical results. (Research Cloning Arguments Pro and Con, viewed 10 August 2010)Research cloning would be very expensive if it is used in the routine medical measures. It would be very labor demanding and costly to create the cloned embryos. Womens health supporters are apprehensive about the healthiness and social justice implications of creating a human eggs market where most of the donors are probably poor women. (Research Cloning Arguments Pro and Con, viewed 10 August 2010)2.7 Health risksIt is not only the child who would be mistreated in such untried reproduction but also those women who want to gestate a cloned child. The women would be in danger of trauma of an extremely high rate of miscarriage, the shock of being offered abortion when serious deformities were found in the uterus, and the wellbeing risks of a hard and unusual pregnancy. It would be reckless of the scientists to inflict such risks on any human no matter what the motives of the women who decided to take part. (Cloning and Stem Cell Research, viewed 10 August 2010)2.8 A type of parental controlThe cloned child would have no genetic parents. The child would be a replica of some live person, perhaps someone who had only just died. Even though the c lone has survived and is in good shape, he will most likely live in the shadow of the original person, under pressure to be alike that person he was created to be similar to. The childrens interest in establishing their own identity is compromised. The childs freedom is subjected unfairly to the parents wishes. This makes cloning a type of extreme parental control because the child is created as a replica of a person selected by the parents. (Cloning and Stem Cell Research, viewed 10 August 2010)3. Ethical issues of cloning3.01 Closed futureSome people believe that cloning will cause children to not have an open future as they will become exactly like the person they are a clone of. They may also be exactly the opposite of the person they are a clone of. Religious organizations think that cloning gives humans a lot of power and that cloning does not care about the truth that every human has matchless soul. (Cloning, viewed 11 August 2010)3.02 Unnatural wayA lot of people think that cloning is unnatural as cloning needs a considerably bigger level of participation and meddling with animals reproductive performance than traditional production methods. Some religious groups, such as Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist faiths, do not accept animal cloning. They view cloning and genetic modification as equivalent to playing God. Many others perceive this as an infringement of the distinctiveness of a human life, which each of us and no one else have received from God. (Cloning information, cloning ethics) Can we play God? Some think that we should just let things be the way they are as that is the way they are meant to be and we should not try to change that as it is natures creation. Others think that the world can be free of cancers and tumors and perhaps save lives too. Others believe in restricting the means of unique types of cloning using harmless ways. (Understanding the issues of cloning, viewed 31 July 2010)3.03 Risk of abusePeople fe ar that someone would form armies of military or even create huge amounts of human resources. This would result in clones being treated as the lower class people or the second class people and compromising individualities. Human cloning can bring serious jeopardy of abuses to human self-esteem and misuse by corrupt people. (Cloning information, cloning ethics, viewed 31 July 2010)3.04 Morally wrong to kill or extend lifeAlthough therapeutic cloning presents the possibility for caring for humans who are suffering from ailment or wounds, the procedure of taking out stem cells is the same as killing the human being as it will involve the annihilation of embryos. Religious and morally traditionally people think that is morally wrong to take the life of one person just to save or extend another persons life. However, other people believe that embryos do not need any ethical thoughts as it is just a cluster of cells that holds the DNA when is cloned, and are similar to the millions of ski n cells that we discard daily. At that stage, the embryonic cells should not be thought of as the same as humans as the brain, feelings, inner organs, body and so on are not present. They believe that only when the brain grows and becomes conscious of itself then it has attained human personhood. (Rita Putatunda)3.05 Not the exact same animalEvery creature that is shaped by life experience is more than an incarnation of his DNA. The cloned animal would look identical and bring pet lovers happy memories but it is not the same animal that they are looking at. Only the DNA is the same. (Wayne Pacelle)3.06 Genetic disordersIf a particular animal is cloned several times and it has a virus, then its clones would bear the identical virus and this may cause a food shortage. It is likely that genetic disorders will occur. If a section of DNA is taken from a person to be duplicated, that person may be bearing a code for some kind of ailment which the symptoms of it would not show till later i n that persons life. Thus, that same code would be duplicated to make another person carry the same ailment. (Understanding the issues of cloning, viewed 31 July 2010)3.07 Pollute the diversityReproducing traits that parents want would pollute the diversity of the world. If people can decide what traits their child should have, majority would choose the traits of well-known people who are very clever or gorgeous. Cloning can cause designer babies as the fertilized egg cell can be made better with additional genes for particular traits. The cloned people would be so alike in characteristics and their thinking that the world would be a very dull place if this were the case. (Understanding the issues of cloning) Moreover, the egg cell can be checked for genetic diseases. If the disease does not exist, it can be placed in the womans womb, or else it will be destroyed. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)3.08 Unknown identity of the childThere are some who think that cloning is not sa fe for delivery of the baby. They are of the opinion that babies should not be created by unnatural ways and should have a variety of genes different from his parents. For the cloning purposes, the egg is obtained from a different woman sperm is obtained from a different man who is not the father of the baby and is inseminated in the laboratory. The fertilized embryo is then placed in another mother who is not the one whom the egg was obtained. It will be unsure who the biological parents of the child are when the child is born. The childs identity will continue to be a mystery. (Ethical issues related to human and animal cloning, viewed 1 July 2010)3.09 Clash with religious principlesThere is a possibility that reproductive cloning may create a human that is genetically matching to a person who was formerly alive or who now currently is live. This might clash with ancient religious and common principles on self-respect, perhaps violating the main beliefs of individual liberty, indi viduality and sovereignty. However, some people disagree with that. They believe that infertile couples can achieve their vision of parenthood by reproductive cloning. Other people think human cloning is a method to steer clear of a destructive gene that is hereditary in the family without having to go through embryo testing. (What are some of the ethical issues related to cloning, viewed 3 August 2010)3.10 Worsen the wellbeing of animalsCloning may cause people to treat animals like an object. People may treat these living emotional beings as plain machinery for human creation. Also, communities are becoming more and more conscious of the handling of farm animals. A lot of people are worried for cloning worsens the wellbeing of animals as the animals are likely to bear hurting infections of udder, lameness and also production related diseases. (Ethics, viewed 3 August 2010)3.11 Different personalitiesCloning cannot make sure that the genetically similar humans will have the similar individual thinking or goals as the model. For instance, it is not certain that the baby whose embryo was made better with genes for musical talent will become a well-known pianist one day. Even if the child has a musical flair, it is for him to decide whether he will use them or not. If the child has no interest in going for piano lessons, then the talent will remain undiscovered. It is the same problem when one tries to replace the one he loves. Impractical hope on how the personality will be may cause disappointments. Obviously the outer appearance of the clone will be closely identical but the character may be poles apart. The clone cannot be a replacement for another person. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)3.12 Two classes of peopleThere will be two classes of humans if most of the people are cloned, the one whos gene is enhanced and the one who is produced naturally. The one whose gene is enhanced will definitely have many advantages in life as they were given particul ar flairs. They will be rich as only the rich ones will have enough money to improve their child with particular genes. They also have a higher chance of obtaining better jobs than other people due to their particular talents so they will be even wealthier. Affluent people always have loads of power. Sooner or later, the well-off gene-enhanced people may be the most influential ones. (Sabine Reinhold, viewed 7 August 2010)ConclusionGiven the advanced technology and the success of the cloned sheep, Dolly, more scientists will be trying their best to improve the process of cloning. As seen from the information above, cloning is still not an advanced technology. There are a lot of risks involved that concern the health of the humans and the clones.I feel that it is unfair for us to intervene in choosing the special talents for our children. We should be happy with what we have and our own talents. It is unfair to other people if we enhance our own genes. Cloning costs a lot and only th ose wealthy people can afford it. What about those less wealthy people? This may cause an even bigger inequality in our society which we would want to avoid. Also, it is unnatural. Although cloning can make us immortal, in the long run, it will cause overpopulation in the world.There are both sides to cloning which we must consider very seriously before we legalize or ban it. It is an issue which must be handled carefully. Cloning can bring the world benefits but can also destroy us. Both sides of the arguments seem very convincing. Everyone will have different opinions to cloning based on their religious values or their own principles. It is difficult to say whether cloning is ethically right or wrong. If the government decides to legalize it, there will definitely be some people who will protest against it and vice versa.The government must ensure that cloning is not used for the wrong and unethical purposes. It can be dangerous if the technology of cloning is in the wrong hands. Who knows what hidden motives they have? Human lives are very important. We must not devalue our lives.