English for Specific Purposes - 2243 Words

2 The development of ESP The best laid schemes o mice and men Gang aft a-gley. (Robert Burns) From its early beginnings in the 1960s ESP has undergone three main phases of development. It is now in a fourth phase with a fifth phase starting to emerge. We shall describe each of the five phases in greater detail in later chapters, but it will provide a useful perspective to give a brief summary here. It should be pointed out first of all that ESP is not a monolithic universal phenomenon. ESP has developed at different speeds in different countries, and examples of all the approaches we shall describe can be found operating somewhere in the world at the present time. Our summary must, therefore, be very general in its focus. It will be†¦show more content†¦The basic hypothesis of this stage is succinctly expressed by Allen and Widdowson (1974): We take the view that the difficulties which the students encounter arise not so much from a defective knowledge of the system of English, but from an unfamiliarity with English use, and that consequently their needs cannot be met by a course which simply provides further practice in the composition of sentences, but only by one which develops a knowledge of how sentences are used in the performance of different communicative acts. Register analysis had focussed on sentence grammar, but now attention shifted to understanding how sentences were combined in discourse to produce meaning. The concern of research, therefore, was to identity-the organisational~patterns in texts and to specify the linguistic means by which these patterns are signaled. These patterns would then form the syllabus of the ESP course. The Rhetotical Process Chart below (from EST: A Discourse Approach by L.ouis Trimble (1985)) is representative of this approach: Level Description ol level A The objectives fl the total discourse EXAMPLES 1. Detailing an experiment 2. Making a recommendation 3. Presenting new hypotheses or Theory 4. Presenting other types of EST information B The genera! rhetorical functions that develop the objectives of Level AShow MoreRelatedEnglish For Specific Purposes ( Esp )2074 Words   |  9 Pages English for specific purpose (ESP) has a long history in the field of English teaching. ESP is a branch of English language Teaching (ELT) and refereed as ‘applied ELT’ because the aims and contents of any ESP course is based on specific needs of the learners and context and focuses more on specific and immediate needs of the learners . Based on Tome Hutchison and Alan Walters, 1990, English for specific purposes (ESP) is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content andRead MoreNeeds Analysis: The Major Difference of English for Specific Purposes from General English Course968 Words   |  4 PagesThe major difference of ESP from GE (General English) is that it focuses solely on the particular needs of the students. In GE specific learning materials design is not always necessary as it is mostly predetermined by the school, government or other institution. In ESP it is the case that teachers themselves have to develop the whole course or at m ost– the materials (Hutchinson and Waters, 1987). Nevertheless, ‘what distinguishes ESP from GE is not the existence of a need as such but rather an awarenessRead MoreThe Language Of International Business Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pageshistory. The most current lingua franca of international business is English. It is estimated, for example, that more than 80% of the global interactions occur between speakers whose native tongue this language. (Weil Weil, 2011). Nowadays, the global society is facing problems they require an answer which involves a good interaction and communication. In order to complete this process, dwellers needs to do it efficiently. English in the last century has become in one of the most international languagesRead MoreHatchinson and Waters (1987) asserted that â€Å"ESP should properly be seen not as any particular1300 Words   |  6 PagesHatchinson and Waters (1987) asserted that â€Å"ESP should properly be seen not as any particular language product but as an approach to language teaching which is directed by specific and apparent reasons for learning† (p. 19). In addition, â€Å"it is an approach to language learning which is based on learner need. The foundation of all ESP is a simple question: Why does this leaner need to learn a foreign language?† (Hatchinson Waters, 1987, p. 19). Strevens (as cited in Dudley Evans St. John, 1998)Read MoreGraduation Speech : A Student1334 Words   |  6 PagesName Date Class Introduction Attention Getter: After being a student in Stretch English, the improvements that I have made have impressed me. I can now compose an advanced level essay. Purpose (state specific purpose, relate the topic to an audience and establish credibility): Step by step I have accomplished or improved in a strategy that is better in my English. In the beginning of college, I was afraid of how I would perform in my classes. I know I would be writing many essays in collegeRead MoreLanguage Between Language And Language1680 Words   |  7 Pagesand therefore every child develops language differently depending on what they are exposed to in their specific context (Diaz-Rico Weed, 2010). The way in which individuals use and understand language is affected by the Discourses in which they take part. Discourses in this sense refer to ways of communicating within specific groups, for example within the family, school, community and specific groups and clubs (Green, 2006). Each individual takes part in their own range of Discourses, and interactsRead MoreLearning English As A Fine Language1647 Words   |  7 PagesLearning English as a fine Language â €“EFL About the course Concentrating on communication abilities with emphasis on speaking and listening, to improve your general skill to access higher level courses; to improve your English for everyday use; to improve your English for travel; to improve your English for work purposes or to do casual work in an English speaking country. This program is specially designed for the people looking to improve their general English communication skills. Course StructureRead MoreReflection Paper In English1063 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish is a terrible subject. We learn it the day we start school in kindergarten and all the way till the end of high school and possibly college. English composition is a completely unavoidable subject and not everyone likes learning about things such as grammar, writing, and reading comprehension. It is one of those subjects that many students just want to get it over with as quickly as possible. On the other hand, students need to realize the English composition classes offer a lot more benefitsRead MoreThe Purposes of Punishment1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe purposes of punishment. What are the purposes of punishment? Which do you consider to be the most important and why? Student: *********** Student number: ******* Tutor name: ************* Hand-in date: 21st of November 2011 To begin with, it is necessary to say that punishment is an integral part of modern countries’ legal systems, because countries have a duty to protect society from wrongdoers and authorities could reach success in it by punishing offenders. Oxford EnglishRead Morenm,n. On the other hand the main dissimilarity of those two essays is authors view towards the society. Their ideas are very helpful for the development of our society.1747 Words   |  7 PagesDoes it reflect the purpose of the essay? (2) What are his subsidiary claims? That is, what are the claims that he uses to support his main claim? Are they clear and valid? Are they related to the main claim? (3) Does the author address opposing views fairly and counter them successfully? B. Evidence (1) What kind of evidence does the author use? (e.g., facts, statistics, examples, personal experience, expert testimony, analogy) (2) Is the evidence sufficient, specific, relevant, and convincing